The paradigms of e-Education

An analysis of the communication structures in the research on information and communication technology integration in education in the years 2000–2001

Jyrki Pulkkinen

Faculty of Education, University of Oulu
Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, University of Oulu

Abstract

This thesis aims to contribute to the restructuring of the research field of ICT in education by trying to reduce the complexity of the research with an analysis of the research from the perspective of research of science. The analysis provides a second order observation of research especially from a paradigm point of view. The concept of paradigm has been re-defined by applying Niklas Luhmann’s (1995) theory of social systems. The main research task of this thesis is to describe the paradigms structuring scientific communication in research on ICT integration in education. The research questions here are based on the understanding that paradigms are structures of the social communicative systems of science, creating expectations for the researcher about the scientific nature of the research.

The definition of the paradigm as a selective structure in a social communicative system of science implicitly defines that the communication within the system is language by nature. In this research, to separate it from linguistics, the focus is in the use of language in research context, not in language itself. In practice, the paradigms of research on ICT integration in education are analyzed through qualitative analysis of metaphors containing ontological assumptions of research and rhetoric convincing the scientific community of the scientific nature and the interest of research. The sample articles have been selected according to such a criteria that they can be seen representing the core of the scientific communication in the field.

From the education point of view, the mainstream of research on ICT integration in education has led to an immersion of the learning theoretical foundation of the research into techno-economic paradigms - and in a sense led to fading of broader educational and social perspectives. The mainstream of the research is shadowing the research that has social and cultural approaches and critical research interests related to a changing education system and global educational problems.

Although the research puts emphasis on constructive learning theories, techno-economic paradigms of the research field continue the tradition of instructional technology, which is framing the concept of "e-Education". This mainstream is not viable in solving the current problems of education globally. This is not to say that the research field of ICT in education is growing obsolete. On the contrary, the research is needed urgently but it should focus also on the broader educational and social developments in a global context.

Tiivistelmä

Tämä tutkimus liittyy tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön poikkitieteellisen tutkimusalueen jäsentämiseen ja selkiinnyttämiseen. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa on tutkimuksen tutkimus, jossa tutkimusaluetta tarkastellaan reflektiivisesti ns. toisen tason havainnointina. Tutkimuksessa lähestytään tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön tutkimusaluetta paradigma -käsitteen avulla, joka määritellään Niklas Luhmann’in (1995) sosiaalisen järjestelmän teoriaa hyödyntäen tieteellisen kommunikaatiojärjestelmän valikoiviksi rakenteeksi. Tutkimusongelmat keskittyvät näiden rakenteiden kuvailemiseen olettaen, että nämä valikoivat rakenteet luovat tutkijoille odotuksia tutkimuksen perusolettamuksista.

Paradigmat tieteellisen kommunikatiivisen järjestelmän rakenteina perustuvat kieleen, jota käytetään tutkimusten raportoinnissa sekä muussa tieteellisessä kommunikaatiossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa näitä rakenteita tutkitaan kansainvälisissä tutkimusartikkeleissa esiintyvien tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäyttöön liittyvien metaforisten ilmauksien sekä tutkimuksen lähtökohtiin ja intresseihin liittyvän retoriikan kautta. Tulkinnassa käytetään kielen käytön tutkimuksen menetelmiä, pitäytyen metaforisten ilmausten sekä retoriikan yhdenmukaisuuksien ja erojen analysoimisessa. Analyysin tarkoituksena on jäsentää tieteellisen kommunikaation paradigmaattisia rakenteita.

Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan lyhyesti todeta, että tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön tutkimusta luonnehtii voimakas instrumentaalinen sekä teknis-taloudellinen suuntaus. Suurin osa tutkimusta hallitsevista metaforista sekä paradigmoista voidaan nähdä tämän laajemman suuntauksen osina. Orastava sosio-kulttuurinen tutkimus-suuntaus on selvästi edellä mainitun pääsuuntauksen varjossa. Oppimisteoreettisesti orientoitunut opetusteknologinen tutkimus korostaa yhteistoiminnallisuutta ja sosiaalista kontekstia oppimisen edellytyksenä. Tutkimusparadigmojen näkökulmasta myös tämä tutkimusorientaatio noudattaa pääosin teknis-taloudellista tutkimussuuntausta. Tämä on havaittavissa teknologian instrumentaalisuuden korostamisessa sekä tutkimuksen perustumisessa pääosin luonnontieteelliseen tutkimustraditioon. Tutkimus ei siten erotu olennaisesti teknis-taloudellisesta tutkimus- ja kehitystyöstä erilliseksi suuntaukseksi. Tutkimuksen keskeiseksi käsitteeksi nousevat erityisesti "e-education" ja "e-learning", joiden varaan uusi koulutus- ja oppimismuoto on jäsentymässä.

Sosio-kulttuurinen tutkimusorientaatio, institutionaaliset tutkimuskohdetta kuvaavat metaforat sekä koulutuksen muutosta korostavat tutkimusintressit ovat tutkimusalan kokonaisvaltaisen jäsentymisen ja globaalien koulutuksellisten ongelmien kannalta tärkeitä. Poikkitieteellisen, eri tieteenaloja ja metaforia syntetisoivan viitekehyksen sekä kulttuuritutkimuksellisen lähestymistavan korostaminen ovat tieto- ja viestintätekniikan opetuskäytön tutkimuksen kehittymisen kannalta keskeisiä.


Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
2. Paradigms of science as research objects
2.1. A paradigm – research as a piece in a puzzle
2.2. Paradigms changing the science: a shift or an evolution?
2.2.1. The scientific community shifting the paradigm
2.2.2. Paradigm and the emergence of a social system of science
2.3. Paradigms as selective structures of scientific communication
2.3.1. Information selection defining the research domain
2.3.2. Utterance - selections in epistemic assumptions
2.3.3. Understanding - selections in interest assumptions
2.3.4. Research reports as products of a meaningful contextual act
3. The design of the research
3.1. The research questions
3.2. Phases of the analysis
3.2.1. Context analysis
3.2.2. Empirical analysis of the paradigmatic structures in the research communication
3.3. The research methods
3.3.1. Rhetoric analysis
3.3.2. Conceptual metaphor analysis
3.3.3. Steps in the analysis of the rhetoric and metaphors of the articles
3.4. Trustworthiness of the research
4. Contextual analysis of the research field
4.1. The convergence of technologies creating ICT
4.2. Integrated information and communication systems
4.3. ICT – more than a new technology
4.4. ICT, globalization and education
4.4.1. Cultural globalization
4.4.2. Skills revolution
4.4.3. Accessibility - affordability
4.5. Educational institutions in turbulence
4.6. New environment for learning and teaching
4.6.1. Social learning and cognitivism contextualizing individual learning
4.6.2. Education as a social system
4.7. From multidisciplinary research to interdisciplinary approach
4.8. Scientific journals and articles to be analyzed empirically
4.8.1. Content validity
4.8.2. Availability and quality
4.8.3. Journals and articles to be selected
5. Analysis of the paradigmatic structures of research on ICT integration in education
5.1. Characteristics of the research communication
5.1.1. Research domains
5.1.2. Utterance and epistemic rhetoric of research
5.1.3. Rhetoric related to the purpose and the research interest of the study
5.2. Metaphorical concepts defining the ontology of ICT integration in education
5.2.1. Concepts referring “directly” to the physical world, technology as physical objects
5.2.2. Conceptual metaphors
5.3. Metaphors and their roots
5.3.1. Essence metaphors
5.3.2. Container metaphors:
5.3.3. Ontology of the metaphors
6. The paradigms structuring scientific communication in research on ICT integration in education
6.1. ICT as a physical object
6.2. ICT as an instrument
6.3. ICT as a flow
6.4. ICT as a new platform
6.5. ICT as a virtual space
7. Discussion
7.1. The techno-economic trend in education
7.2. The challenge of the research on ICT integration in education
8. Conclusion
8.1. ICT - an environment or a system?
8.2. Implications for further research
8.3. Implications for the disciplines of ICT integration in education
References
A. Primary sources
List of Tables
1. A comparison of first order and second order observations.
2. The basic considerations in research and their counterparts in research communication.
3. Strategies used to promote qualitative research validity (Johnson 1997).
4. The impact of ICT in educational institutions.
5. Relation between the idea of knowledge and the nature of the learning environment (Wilson 1996).
6. Journals in ICT in Education ranked by ISI.
7. Journals in ICT in Education published in Ebscohost and Elsevier electronic journal databases.
8. Number of articles selected from each of the journal.
9. First and second research orientations (Cell percentages; n = 194).
10. Epistemic rhetoric and research orientations (n = 194).
11. Ontology of the metaphors in connection to research orientations.
A-1. Primary sources and the reference codes.
List of Figures
1. Classical representational triangle (Verrijn-Stuart 2001, 9).
2. Symbolic generalization (Luhmann 1995) and root metaphors (Aro 1999) in connection with ICT integration in education.
3. A contextually and personally meaningful research process producing research reports as culture objects (text).
4. Temporal and social dimensions in the research process (see Stichweh 2000, 10).
5. The dimensions of an information and communication system.
6. Schematization of triadic reciprocal causation in the causal model of social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2001, 2).
7. The components of the social theory of learning (Wenger 1999).
8. The trend graph of impact factors of British Journal of Educational Technology (ISI 2002).
9. The trend graphs of impact factors of Educational Technology Research and Development (ISI 2002).
10. The main research orientations in the sample articles.
11. The proportional representation of the research domains according to the first orientations, and the Boolean AND operation intersections of second and third orientations in the research articles (n=194).
12. Comparison of different research orientations with different epistemic rhetoric (Proportional frequencies; n=194).
13. Comparison of research orientations with different research interests (Proportional frequencies; n=194).
14. Conceptual metaphors (inner circle) in the context of information and communication systems (outer circle and dimension arrows, see figure 5).