References

Ahto M, Isoaho R, Puolijoki H, Laippala P, Romo M & Kivelä S-L (1998) Functional abilities of elderly coronary heart disease patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 10: 127-136.

Aisen PS, Deluca T & Lawlor BA (1992) Falls among geropsychiatry inpatients are associated with PRN medications for agitation. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 7: 709-712.

Ali S & Milev R (2003) Switch to mania upon discontinuation of antidepressants in patients with mood disorders: a review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry 48: 258-264.

Aparasu RR, Mort JR & Sitzman S (1998) Psychotropic prescribing for the elderly in office-based practice. Clin Ther 20: 603-616.

Aparasu RR, Mort JR & Brandt H (2003) Psychotropic prescription use by community-dwelling elderly in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 671-677.

Arinen S, Häkkinen U, Klaukka T, Klavus J, Lehtonen R & Aro S (1998) Health and the use of health services in Finland: Main Findings of the Finnish Health Care Survey 1995/96 and changes from 1987. SVT, Health 1998:5, Helsinki.

Aromaa A, Heliövaara M, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Maatela J, Joukamaa M, Klaukka T, Lehtinen V, Melkas T, Mäkelä E, Nyman K, Paunio I, Reunanen A, Sievers K, Kalimo E & Kallio V (1989) Health, functional limitations and need for care in Finland. Basic results from the Mini-Finland Health Survey. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution AL:32, Helsinki and Turku, p 199-207, 506-507.

Aromaa A & Koskinen S (2002) Yhteenveto ja tarkastelu. In: Aromaa A & Koskinen S (eds) Terveys ja toimintakyky Suomessa. Terveys 2000 – tutkimuksen perustulokset. Kansanterveyslaitoksen julkaisuja B3, Helsinki, p 126-141.

Barat I, Andreasen F & Damsgaard EMS (2000) The consumption of drugs by 75-year-old individuals living in their own homes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56: 501-509.

Bardel A, Wallander M-A & Svärdsudd K (2000) Reported current use of prescription drugs and some of its determinants among 35 to 65-year-old women in mid-Sweden: a population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol 53: 637-643.

Batty GM, Oborne CA, Swift CG & Jackson SHD (2000) Development of an indicator to identify inappropriate use of benzodiazepines in elderly medical in-patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15: 892-896.

Bazire S (1999) Psychotropic Drug Directory 1999. The Professionals" Pocket Handbook & Aide Memoire. Quay Books, Wilts, p 167-173.

Beers MH (1997) Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. Arch Intern Med 157: 1531-1536.

Bergman B & Rosenhall U (2001) Vision and hearing in old age. Scand Audiol 30: 255-263.

Berkman LF, Berkman CS, Kasl S, Freeman DH Jr, Leo L,Ostfeld AM, Cornoni-Huntley J & Brody JA (1986) Depressive symptoms in relation to physical health and functioning in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 124: 372-388.

Bjerrum L, Søgaard J, Hallas J & Kragstrup J (1998) Polypharmacy: correlations with sex, age and drug regimen. A prescription database study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 54: 197-202.

Blazer D, Hybels C, Simonsick E & Hanlon JT (2000) Sedative, hypnotic, and antianxiety medication use in an aging cohort over ten years: a racial comparison. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 1073-1079.

Blechman WJ, Schmid FR, April PA, Wilson CH & Brooks CD (1975) Ibuprofen or aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis therapy. JAMA 233: 336-340.

Blokland A, Scholtissen B, Vermeeren A & Ramaekers J (2001) Dissociable effects of histamine H1 antagonists on reaction-time performance in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 70: 427-436.

Bowen JD & Larson EB (1993) Drug-induced cognitive impairment. Defining the problem and finding solutions. Drugs Aging 3: 349-357.

Browning CH (1996) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and severe psychiatric side effects. Int J Psychiatry Med 26: 25-34.

Campbell M, Young PI, Bateman DN, Smith JM & Thomas SHL (1999) The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 47: 13-22.

Caramel VMB, Remarque EJ, Knook DL, Lagaay AM & Van den Brande KJS (1998) Benzodiazepine users aged 85 and older fall more often. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 1178-1179.

Casey DE (1997) The relationship of pharmacology to side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 58 (suppl 10): 55-62.

Cástren E, Männistö PT & Tiihonen J (1998) Mitä uutta neurofarmakologiasta? Duodecim 114: 993-1001.

Central Statistical Office of Finland (1991) Structure of Population 1990, Helsinki.

Charlton R, Sheahan K, Smith G & Campbell I (2001) Spousal bereavement- -implications for health. Fam Pract 18: 614-618.

Chrischilles EA, Foley DJ, Wallace RB, Lemke JH, Semla TP, Hanlon JT, Glynn RJ, Ostfeld AM & Guralnik JM (1992) Use of medications by persons 65 and over: data from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. J Gerontol 47: M137-M144.

Cohen I, Rogers P, Burke V & Beilin LJ (1998) Predictors of medication use, compliance and symptoms of hypotension in a community-based sample of elderly men and women. J Clin Pharm Ther 23: 423-432.

Colt HG & Shapiro AP (1989) Drug-induced illness as a cause for admission to a community hospital. J Am Geriatr Soc 37: 323-326.

Cooperstock R & Parnell P (1982) Research on psychotropic drug use. A review of findings and methods. Soc Sci Med 16: 1179-1196.

Copeland JRM, Beekman ATF, Dewey ME, Hooijer C, Jordan A, Lawlor BA, Lobo A, Magnusson H, Mann AH, Meller I, Prince MJ, Reischies F, Turrina C, deVries MW & Wilson KCM (1999) Depression in Europe. Geographical distribution among older people. Br J Psychiat 174: 312-321.

Cumming RG, Miller JP, Kelsey JL, Davis P, Arfken CL, Birge SJ & Peck WA (1991) Medications and multiple falls in elderly people: the St Louis OASIS study. Age Ageing 20: 455-461.

Cumming RG (1998) Epidemiology of medication-related falls and fractures in the elderly. Drugs Aging 12: 43-53.

Cunningham G, Dodd TRP, Grant DJ, McMurdo MET & Richards RME (1997) Drug-related problems in elderly patients admitted to Tayside hospitals, methods for prevention and subsequent reassessment. Age Ageing 26: 375-382.

Cusack BJ, Nielson CP & Vestal RE (1997) Geriatric clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. In: Speight TM & Holford NHG (eds) Avery´s Drug Treatment. 4th Edition. A Guide to the Properties, Choice, Therapeutic Use and Economic Value of Drugs in Disease Management. Adis International Limited, Auckland, p 173-223.

Dealberto M-J, Seeman T, McAvay GJ & Berkman L (1997) Factors related to current and subsequent psychotropic drug use in an elderly cohort. J Clin Epidemiol 50: 357-364.

Devroey D, Casteren VV & Walckiers D (2002) The added value of the registration of home accidents in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 20:113-117.

Ebly EM, Hogan DB & Fung TS (1997) Potential adverse outcomes of psychotropic and narcotic drug use in Canadian seniors. J Clin Epidemiol 50: 857-863.

Eddy DM (1994) Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Health system reform. Will controlling costs require rationing services? JAMA 272: 324-328.

Edwards JG & Anderson I (1999) Systematic review and guide to selection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drugs 57: 507-533.

Enkovaara A-L (1999) Luontaistuotteiden haittavaikutukset. Suom Lääkäril 54: 3223-3226.

Enlund H (1988) Vanhusten lääkkeiden käyttö. In: Lauri S (ed) Vanhuuden kokeminen Kuopiossa. Kuopion yliopiston julkaisuja, yhteiskuntatieteet, tilastot ja selvitykset 2/1988, Kuopio, p 68-77.

Enlund H, Martikainen J, Turakka H, Kivelä S-L & Nissinen A (1990a) Problems with drug use among elderly men. J Geriatr Drug Ther 4: 81-94.

Enlund H, Martikainen J, Turakka H & Nissinen A (1990b) The use of prescription drugs among elderly Finnish men. J Clin Pharm Ther 15: 115-122.

Erkinjuntti T, Wikström J, Palo J & Autio L (1986) Dementia among medical inpatients. Evaluation of 2000 consecutive admissions. Arch Intern Med 146: 1923-1926.

Flaherty JH, Perry HM 3rd, Lynchard GS & Morley JE (2000) Polypharmacy and hospitalization among older home care patients. J Gerontol 55A: M554-M559.

Flint AJ (1994) Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 151: 640-649.

Fourrier A, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Moore N & Bégaud B (2001) Benzodiazepine use in an elderly community-dwelling population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57: 419-425.

Foy A, O´Connell D, Henry D, Kelly J, Cocking S & Halliday J (1995) Benzodiazepine use as a cause of cognitive impairment in elderly hospital inpatients. J Gerontol 50A: M99-M106.

Fries JF (1980) Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. N Engl J Med 303: 130-135.

Gerety MB, Cornell JE, Plichta DT & Eimer M (1993) Adverse events related to drugs and drug withdrawal in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 41: 1326-1332.

Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr, Giardina E, Kantor SJ, Perel JM & Davies M (1979) Clinical characteristics of imipramine-induced orthostatic hypotension. Lancet 1: 468-472.

Goodwin JS & Regan M (1982) Cognitive dysfunction associated with naproxen and ibuprofen in the elderly. Arthritis Rheum 25: 1013-1015.

Grabe HJ, Wolf T, Grätz S & Laux G (1998) The influence of polypharmacological antidepressive treatment on central nervous information processing of depressed patients: implications for fitness to drive. Neuropsychobiology 37: 200-204.

Gray SL, LaCroix AZ, Blough D, Wagner EH, Koepsell TD & Buchner D (2002) Is the use of benzodiazepines associated with incident disability? J Am Geriatr Soc 50: 1012-1018.

Haavisto M & Mattila K (1981) Yli 85-vuotiaat tamperelaiset – koettu sairaus, leikkaukset ja lääkkeiden käyttö. Sos lääk Aikak 18:199-206.

Hall RCW & Joffe JR (1972) Aberrant response to diazepam: a new syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 129: 738-742.

Han L, McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Primeau F & Élie M (2001) Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients. Arch Intern Med 161: 1099-1105.

Hanlon JT, Fillenbaum GG, Studenski SA, Ziqubu-Page T & Wall Jr WE (1996) Factors associated with suboptimal analgesic use in community-dwelling elderly. Ann Pharmacother 30: 739-744.

Hanlon JT, Horner RD, Schmader KE, Fillenbaum GG, Lewis IK, Wall WE, Landerman LR, Pieper CF, Blazer DG & Cohen HJ (1998) Benzodiazepine use and cognitive function among community-dwelling elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64: 684-692.

Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Ruby CM & Weinberger M (2001) Suboptimal prescribing in older inpatients and outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 49: 200-209.

Hartikainen S, Klaukka T, Helin-Salmivaara A & Sairanen S (2000) Ikäihmiset masennuslääkkeiden suurkuluttajia. Suom Lääkäril 55: 3706-3709.

Hartikainen S (2002) Iäkkään monilääkitys. Duodecim 118: 385-391.

Hartikainen S, Rahkonen T, Kautiainen H & Sulkava R (2003) Kuopio 75+ study: does advanced age predict more common use of psychotropics among the elderly? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18: 163-167.

Herings RMC, Stricker BHCh, de Boer A, Bakker A & Sturmans F (1995) Benzodiazepines and the risk of falling leading to femur fractures. Dosage more important than elimination half-life. Arch Intern Med 155: 1801-1807.

Himberg J-J & Kuitunen T (2002) Lääkkeiden haittavaikutukset. In: Neuvonen PJ, Himberg J-J, Huupponen R, Kivistö KT & Ylitalo P (eds) Kliininen farmakologia ja lääkehoito. Kandidaattikustannus, Helsinki, p 808-821.

Hoppmann RA, Peden JG & Ober SK (1991) Central nervous system side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aseptic meningitis, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 151: 1309-1313.

Huang B, Bachmann KA, He X, Chen R, McAllister JS & Wang T (2002) Inappropriate prescriptions for the aging population of the United States: an analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1997. Pharmacoepidemiol Druf Saf 11: 127-134.

Hughes SG (1998) Prescribing for the elderly patient: why do we need to exercise caution? Br J Clin Pharmacol 46: 531-533.

Iliffe S, Haines A, Gallivan S, Booroff A, Goldenberg E & Morgan P (1991) Assessment of elderly people in general practice. 2. Functional abilities and medical problems. Br J Gen Pract 41: 13-15.

Isacson D & Haglund B (1988) Psychotropic drug use in a Swedish community – the importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Soc Sci Med 26: 477-483.

Isacson D, Carsjö K, Bergman U & Blackburn JL (1992) Long-term use of benzodiazepines in a Swedish community: an eight-year follow-up. J Clin Epidemiol 45: 429-436.

Isacson D (1997) Long-term benzodiazepine use: factors of importance and the development of individual use patterns over time – a 13-year follow-up in a Swedish community. Soc Sci Med 44: 1871-1880.

Isoaho R (1995) Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly - prevalence and associations with functional abilities. Doctoral thesis. Acta Univ Oul D 347, Oulu. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Jeste DV, Lacro JP, Palmer B, Rockwell E, Harris MJ & Caligiuri MP (1999) Incidence of tardive dyskinesia in early stages of low-dose treatment with typical neuroleptics in older patients Am J Psychiatry 156: 309-311.

Johnson J, Sims R & Gottlieb G (1994) Differential diagnosis of dementia, delirium and depression. Implications for drug therapy. Drugs Aging 5: 431-445.

Joint National Committee (1997) The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157: 2413-2446.

Joukamaa M, Sohlman B & Lehtinen V (1995) The prescription of psychotropic drugs in primary health care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92: 359-364.

Juva K, Sulkava R, Erkinjuntti T, Valvanne J & Tilvis R (1993) Prevalence of dementia in the city of Helsinki. Acta Neurol Scand 87: 106-110.

Jylhä M, Jokela J, Tolvanen E, Heikkinen E, Heikkinen R-L, Koskinen S, Leskinen E, Lyyra A-L & Pohjolainen P (1992) The Tampere Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Description of the study. Basic results on health and functional ability. Scand J Soc Med 47(suppl): 1-58.

Jylhä M (1994) Ten-year change in the use of medical drugs among the elderly – a longitudinal study and cohort comparison. J Clin Epidemiol 47: 69-79.

Jylhä M, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Jokela J & Heikkinen E (1998) Is self-rated health comparable across cultures and genders? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 53: S144-S152.

Jyrkämä J (1995) ”Steadily downward to evening rest”? A study of the social aspects of ageing in four Finnish local communities. Doctoral thesis. Acta Univ Tamperensis A 449, Tampere. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Jörgensen T, Johansson S, Kennerfalk A, Wallander M-A & Svärdsudd K (2001) Prescription drug use, diagnoses, and healthcare utilization among the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 35: 1004-1009.

Kampman O, Laippala P, Väänänen J, Koivisto E, Kiviniemi P, Kilkku N & Lehtinen K (2002) Indicators of medication compliance in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Research 110: 39-48.

Karplus TM & Saag KG (1998) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cognitive function. Do they have a benefical or deleterious effect? Drug Saf 19: 427-433.

Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA & Jaffe MW (1963) Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA 185: 914-919.

Katz S (1983) Assessing self-maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. J Am Geriatr Soc 31: 721-727.

Keller MB (2000) Citalopram therapy fo depression: a review of 10 years of European experience and data from U.S. clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry: 896-908.

Kennerfalk A, Ruigómez A, Wallander M-A, Wilhelmsen L & Johansson S (2002) Geriatric drug therapy and healthcare utilization in the United Kingdom. Ann Pharmacother 36: 797-803.

Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, Radic A, Coakley D & Lawlor BA (1999) Benzodiazepine use among the elderly in the community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 280-284.

Klaukka T (1982) Health and need of health services of adults. In: Kalimo E, Nyman K, Klaukka T, Tuomikoski H & Savolainen E (eds) Need, Use and Expenses of Health Services in Finland 1964-1976. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution A:18, Helsinki, p 62-65. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Klaukka T (1989) Use and users of medicines in Finland. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution M:66, Helsinki. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Klaukka T & Martikainen J (1989) Eläkeikäisten lääkkeiden käyttö edelleen kasvussa. Suom Lääkäril 44: 1816-1825.

Klaukka T, Martikainen J & Kalimo E (1990) Drug utilization in Finland 1964-1987. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution M:71, Helsinki.

Klaukka T, Mäkelä M, Sipilä J & Martikainen J (1993) Multiuse of medicines in Finland. Med Care 31: 445-450.

Klaukka T & Rajaniemi S (1996) Nearly forty per cent of drug reimbursements are paid to the elderly. TABU - Drug information from the National Agency for Medicines, Finland 4: 57-58.

Klaukka T & Rajaniemi S (1998) Medication costs in Finland in 2005. TABU - Drug information from the National Agency for Medicines, Finland 6: 29-30. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Klaukka T (2000a) Ikääntyneiden psyykenlääkekuorma on raskas. Sosiaalivakuutus 38: 34-36.

Klaukka T (2000b) Ruotsin ja Norjan suositus unettomuuden hoidosta. Suom Lääkäril 55: 3006.

Klaukka T (2002) Vanhusten lääkityksen osuus 39 % lääkekustannuksista. Suom Lääkäril 57: 4226-4228.

Klaukka T, Hartikainen S & Linjakumpu T (2002) Mitä lääkkeitä satavuotiaat käyttävät? Suom Lääkäril 57: 4940-4943.

Klotz U, Avant GR, Hoyumpa A, Schenker S & Wilkinson GR (1975) The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. J Clin Invest 55: 347-359.

Koivisto K (1995) Population-based dementia screening program in the city of Kuopio, Eastern Finland: Evaluation of screening methods, prevalence of dementia and dementia subtypes. Doctoral thesis. Series of Reports, No 33, University of Kuopio, Department of Neurology, Kuopio.

Koponen H (1997) Skitsofrenian lääkehoidon muuttuva käytäntö. Duodecim 113: 2617-2622.

Koponen H (2001) Lääkkeiden aiheuttamat kognitiiviset häiriöt. In: Erkinjuntti T, Rinne J, Alhainen K & Soininen H (eds) Muistihäiriöt ja dementia. Duodecim, Helsinki, p 306-309.

Koponen H (2002) Early prognosis and care of psychiatric disorders of the elderly. Suom Lääkäril 57: 4925-4927. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Koro CE, Fedder DO, L´Italien GJ, Weiss S, Magder LS, Kreyenbuhl J, Revicki D & Buchanan RW (2002) An assessment of the independent effects of olanzapine and risperidone exposure on the risk of hyperlipidemia in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 1021-1026.

Koskinen S (1994) Gerontological social work as a microstructure of aging policy. Doctoral thesis. Acta Univ Lapponiensis 3, Rovaniemi. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Koskinen S & Aromaa A (2002) Koettu terveys ja pitkäaikaissairastavuus. In: Aromaa A & Koskinen S (eds) Terveys ja toimintakyky Suomessa. Terveys 2000 – tutkimuksen perustulokset. Kansanterveyslaitoksen julkaisuja B3, Helsinki, p 37-38.

Krach P, DeVaney S, DeTurk C & Zink MH (1996) Functional status of the oldest-old in a home setting. J Adv Nurs 24: 456-464.

Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Karsegard VL, Michel J-P, Slosman DO & Pichard C (2001) Total body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle in older people: cross-sectional differences in 60-year-old persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 49: 1633-1640.

Last JM (1995) In: Last JM, Abramson JH, Friedman GD, Porta M, Spasoff RA & Thuriaux M (eds) A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Third Edition. International Epidemiological Association, New York, p 17.

Laukkanen P, Heikkinen E, Kauppinen M & Kallinen M (1992) Use of drugs by non- institutionalized urban Finns born in 1904-1923 and the association of drug use with mood and self-rated health. Age Ageing 21: 343-352.

Laukkanen P, Era P, Heikkinen RL, Suutama T, Kauppinen M & Heikkinen E (1994) Factors related to carrying out everyday activities among elderly people aged 80. Aging Clin Exp Res 6: 433-443.

Laukkanen P, Leinonen R, Sakari-Rantala R & Heikkinen E (1999) Health status and performance in the activities of daily living among 65-69-year-old residents of Jyväskylä in 1988 and 1996. In: Heikkinen E, Lampinen P & Suutama T (eds) Cohort Differences in the Functional Capacity, Health and Leisure Activities of 65-69-year-old Persons. Observations from the Cohort Comparisons of the Evergreen Project in 1988 and 1996. The Social Insurance Institution, Studies in Social Security and Health 47, Helsinki, p 47-66. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Lawton MP & Brody EM (1969) Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9: 179-186.

Lee RD (1998) Polypharmacy: a case report and new protocol for management. J Am Board Fam Pract 11: 140-144.

Leipzig RM, Cumming RG & Tinetti ME (1999a) Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 30-39.

Leipzig RM, Cumming RG & Tinetti ME (1999b) Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 40-50.

Lim HJ, Lim JP, Anthony P, Yeo DH & Sahadevan S (2003) Prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst Singapore´s elderly Chinese: a community-based study using the ECAQ and the IQCODE. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18: 142-148.

Linden M, Lecrubier Y, Bellantuono C, Benkert O, Kisely S & Simon G (1999) The prescribing of psychotropic drugs by primary care physicians: an international collaborative study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 132-140.

Lindgren A-M, Svärdsudd K & Tibblin G (1994) Factors related to perceived health among elderly people: the Albertina Project. Age Ageing 23: 328-333.

Linjakumpu T, Hartikainen S, Isoaho R & Kivelä S-L (2001) Polypharmacy and the use of psychotropics and analgesic drugs among the community-dwelling elderly. Gerontologia 15: 117-124. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Lipton HL, Bero LA, Bird JA & McPhee SJ (1992) Undermedication among geriatric outpatients: results of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Rev Gerontol Ger 12: 95-108.

Lithovius R, Sihvonen M & Kekki P (1998) Kotisairaanhoitoa ja kotipalvelua saavien vanhusten lääkkeiden käyttö. Suom Lääkäril 53: 1625-1632.

Liu B, Anderson G, Mittman N, To T, Axcell T & Shear N (1998) Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants and risk of hip fractures in elderly people. Lancet 351: 1303-1307.

Lord SR, Anstey KJ, Williams P & Ward JA (1995) Psychoactive medication use, sensori-motor function and falls in older women. Br J Clin Pharmac 39: 227-234.

Louhija J (1994) Finnish centenarians. A clinical epidemiological study. Doctoral thesis. University of Helsinki, Geriatric Unit, Second Department of Medicine, Helsinki.

Lumme-Sandt K, Hervonen A & Jylhä M (2000) Interpretative repertoires of medication among the oldest-old. Soc Sci Med 50: 1843-1850.

Lupsakko T (2001) Toiminnallinen kuulo- ja/tai näköhaitta ikääntyneillä, sen vaikutus toimintakykyyn ja palvelutarpeeseen. Seniori-ohjelma 2000. Kuurojen palvelusäätiö, Helsinki.

Luukinen H, Koski K, Laippala P & Kivelä S-L (1997) Factors predicting fractures during falling impacts among home-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 45: 1302-1309.

Maletta G, Mattox KM & Dysken M (2000) Update 2000. Guidelines for prescribing psychoactive drugs. Geriatrics 55: 65-81.

Malmivaara A, Heliövaara M, Knekt P, Reunanen A & Aromaa A (1993) Risk factors for injurious falls leading to hospitalization or death in a cohort of 19,500 adults. Am J Epidemiol 138: 384-394.

Manela M, Katona C & Livinston G (1996) How common are the anxiety disorders in old age? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 11: 65-70.

Mannesse CK, Derkx FHM, de Ridder MAJ, van der Cammen TJM & Man in ´t Veld AJ (1997) Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients as contributing factor for hospital admission: cross sectional study. BMJ 315: 1057-1058.

Mannesse CK, Derkx FHM, de Ridder MAJ, Man in `t Veld AJ & van der Cammen TJM (2000) Contribution of adverse drug reactions to hospital admission of older patients. Age Ageing 29: 35-39.

Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Klungel OH, Verschuren WMM, Porsius A & de Boer A (2001) Comparison of different methods to estimate prevalence of drug use by using pharmacy records. J Clin Epidemiol 54: 1181-1186.

Martikainen J (1995) Selviääkö vanhus lääkkeistään? Lisensiaattitutkielma. Kuopion yliopisto, farmaseuttinen tiedekunta, Kuopio.

Martikainen J (2001) Psykoosilääkkeiden käyttö avohoidossa. In: Koponen H & Lönnqvist J (eds) Psykoosilääkkeet. Hoidon periaatteet. Kapseli 29. Lääkelaitos ja Kela, Helsinki, p 39-42.

McLeod PJ, Huang AR, Tamblyn RM & Gayton DC (1997) Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. Can Med Assoc J 156: 385-391.

McManus P, Mant A, Mitchell PB, Montgomery WS, Marley J & Auland ME (2000) Recent trends in the use of antidepressant drugs in Australia, 1990-1998. Med J Aust 173: 458-461.

Medical Research Council (1986) Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. Instructions to interviewers. The Council, London.

Mehl B & Santell JP (2000) Projecting future drug expenditures-2000. Am J Health Syst Pharm 57: 129-138.

Miller PS, Richardson JS, Jyu CA, Lemay JS, Hiscock M & Keegan DL (1988) Association of low serum anticholinergic levels and cognitive impairment in elderly presurgical patients. Am J Psychiatry 145: 342-345.

Moreau A, Jones BD & Banno V (1986) Chronic central anticholinergic toxicity in manic depressive illness mimicking dementia. Can J Psychiatry 31: 339-341.

Morgan K, Dallosso H, Ebrahim S, Arie T & Fentem PH (1988) Prevalence, frequency, and duration of hypnotic drug use among the elderly living at home. BMJ 296: 601-602.

Mulsant BH, Alexopoulos GS, Reynolds CF 3rd, Katz IR, Abrams R, Oslin D, Schulberg HC & PROSPECT Study Group (2001) Pharmacological treatment of depression in older primary care patients: the PROSPECT algorithm. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 585-592.

Myers AH, Baker SP, Van Natta ML, Abbey H & Robinson EG (1991) Risk factors associated with falls and injuries among elderly institutionalized persons. Am J Epidemiol 133: 1179-1190.

National Agency for Medicines (2000) Classification of Medicines (ATC) and Defined Daily Doses (DDD) 2000, Helsinki.

National Agency for Medicines and Social Insurance Institution (2001) Finnish Statistics on Medicines 2000, Helsinki.

Neuvonen PJ (2001) Eräitä kliinisen farmakologian peruskysymyksiä. In: Koulu M & Tuomisto J (eds) Farmakologia ja toksikologia. 6. painos. Medicina, Kuopio, p 981-986.

Nordic Council on Medicines (1996) Nordic Statistics on Medicines 1992-1995, Uppsala.

Nuki G (1990) Pain control and the use of non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs. Br Med Bull 46: 262-278.

O´Brien JM, Rockwood RP & Suh KI (1999) Haloperidol-induced torsade de pointes. Ann Pharmacother 33: 1046-1050.

O´Brien WM (1986) Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Diclofenac compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med 80 (suppl 4B): 70-80.

Odeh M, Seligmann H & Oliven A (1999) Severe life-threatening hyponatremia during paroxetine therapy. J Clin Pharmacol 39: 1290-1291.

Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG & Guilleminault C (1998) Psychotropic medication consumption patterns in the UK general population. J Clin Epidemiol 51: 273-283.

Paasonen MK & Tuomisto J (2001) Johdanto farmakologiaan. In: Koulu M & Tuomisto J (eds) Farmakologia ja toksikologia. 6. painos. Medicina, Kuopio, p 19-26.

Pahkala K & Kivelä S-L (1991) Iäkkäiden terveys, toimintakyky ja depressio. Gerontologia 5: 89-104.

Pahkala K, Kesti E, Köngäs-Saviaro P, Laippala P & Kivelä S-L (1995) Prevalence of depression in an aged population in Finland. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 30:99-106.

Pelkonen O (1998) Ahdistuneisuuden ja unihäiriöiden hoidossa käytettävät lääkeaineet. In: Pelkonen O & Ruskoaho H (eds) Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology. Duodecim, Helsinki, p 527-532.

Pelkonen O, Mäenpää J, Taavitsainen P, Rautio A & Raunio H (1998) Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Xenobiotica 28: 1203-1253.

Penninx BWJH, Beekman ATF, Ormel J, Kriegsman DMW, Boeke AJP, van Eijk JTM & Deeg DJH (1996) Psychological status among elderly people with chronic diseases: does type of disease play a part? J Psychosom Res 40: 521-534.

Pharmaceutical Information Centre (1997) Pharmaca Fennica 1998. Lääketietokeskus, Helsinki.

Pharmaceutical Information Centre (2000) Pharmaca Fennica 2001. Lääketietokeskus, Helsinki.

Pickar D (1995) Prospects for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Lancet 345: 557-562.

Pietraru C, Barbui C, Poggio L & Tognoni G (2001) Antidepressant drug prescribing in Italy, 2000: analysis of a general practice database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57: 605-609.

Pirkola S, Lönnqvist J & the mental health working group (2002) Psyykkinen oireilu ja mielenterveyden häiriöt. In: Aromaa A & Koskinen S (eds) Terveys ja toimintakyky Suomessa. Terveys 2000 – tutkimuksen perustulokset. Kansanterveyslaitoksen julkaisuja B3, Helsinki, p 51-54.

Pitkälä KH, Strandberg TE & Tilvis RS (2001a) Is it possible to reduce polypharmacy in the elderly? A randomised, controlled trial. Drugs Aging 18: 143-149.

Pitkälä KH, Valvanne J, Kulp S, Strandberg TE & Tilvis RS (2001b) Secular trends in self-reported functioning, need for assistance and attitudes towards life: 10-year differences of three older cohorts. J Am Geriatr Soc 49: 596-600.

Pitkälä K & Strandberg T (2003) Treatment of the elderly. What is the evidence? Where are the loop holes? Suom Lääkäril 58: 39-44. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Pollock BG (1998) Psychotropic drugs and the aging patient. Geriatrics 53 (suppl 1): S20-S24.

Pradalier A, du Mayne JFD, Barzegar C & Vincent D (1998) Hyponatr?mie et probable s?cr?tion inappropri?e d´hormone antidiur?tique due au citalopram. Th?rapie 53: 595-610.

Prigerson HG & Jacobs SC (2001) Perspectives on care at the close of life. Caring for bereaved patients: “all the doctors just suddenly go”. JAMA 286: 1369-1376.

Päivärinta A, Verkkoniemi A, Niinistö L, Kivelä S-L & Sulkava R (1999) The prevalence and associates of depressive disorders in the oldest-old Finns. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34: 352-359.

Rapoport A, Stein D, Shamir E, Schwartz M, Levine J, Elizur A & Weizman A (1998) Clinico-tremorgraphic features of neuroleptic-induced tremor. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 115-120.

Rawson NSB & Rawson MJ (1999) Acute adverse event signalling scheme using the Saskatchewan administrative health care utilization datafiles: results for two benzodiazepines. Can J Clin Pharmacol 6: 159-166.

Ray WA, Griffin MR & Downey W (1989) Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half-life and the risk of hip fracture. JAMA 262: 3303-3307.

Ridout F & Hindmarch I (2001) Effects of tianeptine and mianserin on car driving skills. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154: 356-361.

Ried LD, Johnson RE & Gettman DA (1998) Benzodiazepine exposure and functional status in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 71-76.

Roberts J (1999) Sensitivity of elasticity estimates for OECD health care spending: analysis of a dynamic heterogeneous data field. Health Econ 8: 459-472.

Rochon PA & Gurwitz JH (1999) Prescribing for seniors neither too much nor too little. JAMA 281: 113-115.

Roe CM, Anderson MJ & Spivack B (2002) Use of anticholinergic medications by older adults with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 50: 836-842.

Rosholm J-U, Hallas J & Gram LF (1994) Concurrent use of more than one major psychotropic drug (polypsychopharmacy) in out-patients - a prescription database study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 37: 533-538.

Rosholm J-U, Bjerrum L, Hallas J, Worm J & Gram LF (1998) Polypharmacy and the risk of drug-drug interactions among Danish elderly. A prescription database study. Dan Med Bull 42: 210-213.

Routasalo P & Pitkälä K (2003) Loneliness among older people – how has it been studied in gerontology? Gerontologia 17: 23-29. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Rozzini R, Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, Zanetti O & Trabucchi M (1993) Physical performance test and activities of daily living scales in the assessment of health status in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 41: 1109-1113.

Rozzini R, Ferrucci L, Losonczy K, Havlik RJ & Guralnik JM (1996) Protective effect of chronic NSAID use on cognitive decline in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 1025-1029.

Rumble RH & Morgan K (1994) Longitudinal trends in prescribing for elderly patients: two surveys four years apart. Br J Gen Pract 44: 571-575.

Ruthazer R & Lipsitz LA (1993) Antidepressants and falls among elderly people in long-term care. Am J Public Health 83: 746-749.

Ryynänen O-P, Kivelä S-L, Honkanen R, Laippala P & Saano V (1993) Medications and chronic diseases as risk factors for falling injuries in the elderly. Scand J Soc Med 21: 264-271.

Ryynänen O-P, Kivelä S-L, Honkanen R, Saano V & Laippala P (1994) Benzodiazepines and falling injuries in the elderly. Int J Cons Safety 1: 239-242.

SAS Institute Inc. (1990) SAS/STAT User`s Guide, Version 6, 4th Ed, Vol 1-2. The SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina.

Scheinin M (2001) Lääkeaineiden vaikutusmekanismit: reseptorit. In: Koulu M & Tuomisto J (eds) Farmakologia ja toksikologia. 6. painos. Medicina, Kuopio, p 27-66.

Schmidt IK & Svarstad BL (2002) Nurse-physician communication and quality of drug use in Swedish nursing homes. Soc Sci Med 54: 1767-1777.

Simiand-Erdociain E, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Bagheri-Charabiani H & Montastruc JL (2001) Drug consumption in a very elderly community-dwelling population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57: 691-692.

Skoog I, Nilsson L, Landahl S & Steen B (1993) Mental disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs in an 85-year-old urban population. Int Psychogeriatr 5: 33-48.

Slater JW, Zechnich AD & Haxby DG (1999) Second-generation antihistamines. A comparative review. Drugs 57: 31-47.

Social Insurance Institution (2000) Statistical Yearbook of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland 1999, Helsinki.

Sorock GS & Shimkin EE (1988) Benzodiazepine sedatives and the risk of falling in a community-dwelling elderly cohort. Arch Intern Med 148: 2441-2444.

STAKES (1993) Klassificering av humana läkemedel (ATC) och definierade dygnsdoser (DDD) 1992-1993. Forsknings- och utvecklingscentralen för social- och hälsovården, Helsinki.

Statistics Finland (1998) Population Projection by Municipalities 1998-2030, Helsinki.

Statistics Finland (2000) Population Structure 1999, Helsinki.

Statistics Finland (2001) Employment Statistics 1998-99, Helsinki.

Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, Wells K, Rogers WH, Berry SD, McGlynn EA & Ware JE Jr (1989) Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 262: 907-913.

Stewart RB, Moore MT, May FE, Marks RG & Hale WE (1991a) Changing patterns of therapeutic agents in the elderly: a ten-year overview. Age Ageing 20: 182-188.

Stewart RB, Moore MT, May FE, Marks RG & Hale WE (1991b) A longitudinal evaluation of drug use in an ambulatory elderly population. J Clin Epidemiol 44: 1353-1359.

Strandberg TE, Pitkälä K, Kulp S & Tilvis RS (2001) Use of cardiovascular drugs by home-dwelling coronary patients aged 75 years and older. A population-based cross-sectional survey in Helsinki, Finland. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57: 513-516.

Svensk läkemedelstatistik (2001) Apoteket AB 2000, Tukholma.

Swartz M, Landerman R, George LK, Melville ML, Blazer D & Smith K (1991) Benzodiazepine anti-anxiety agents: prevalence and correlates of use in a southern community. Am J Public Health 81: 592-596.

Targum SD & Abbott JL (1999) Psychoses in the elderly: a spectrum of disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 60 (suppl 8): 4-10.

Thapa PB, Gideon P, Fought RL & Ray WA (1995) Psychotropic drugs and risk of recurrent falls in ambulatory nursing home residents. Am J Epidemiol 142: 202-211.

Thapa PB, Gideon P, Cost TW, Milam AB & Ray WA (1998) Antidepressants and the risk of falls among nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 339: 875-882.

Thomas HF, Sweetnam PM, Janchawee B & Luscombe DK (1999) Polypharmacy among older men in South Wales. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55: 411-415.

Thompson TL II, Moran MG & Nies AS (1983) Drug therapy: psychotropic drug use in the elderly (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 308: 194-198.

Tilastokeskus (1991) Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1991. 86. vuosikerta. SVT, Tilastokeskus, Helsinki.

Tilastokeskus (2002) Väestöennuste iän ja sukupuolen mukaan 2001-2030 [online] [cited 26 November 2002]. Available from: http://statfin.stat.fi/statweb/catnewfi/ennuika. asp.

Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, Claus EB, Garrett P, Gottschalk M, Koch ML, Trainor K & Horwitz RI (1994) A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med 331: 821-827.

Tinetti ME (2003) Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 348: 42-49.

Tune LE & Bylsma FW (1991) Benzodiazepine-induced and anticholinergic-induced delirium in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 3:397-408.

Tune L, Carr S, Hoag E & Cooper T (1992) Anticholinergic effects of drugs commonly prescribed for the elderly: potential means for assessing risk of delirium. Am J Psychiatry 149: 1393-1394.

Tuomisto J, Tuomainen P & Saano V (1984) Comparison of gas chromatography and receptor bioassay in the determination of diazepam in plasma after conventional tablets and controlled release capsules. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 55: 50-57.

Valvanne J, Juva K, Erkinjuntti T & Tilvis R (1996) Community studies. Major depression in the elderly: a population study in Helsinki. Int Psychogeriatr 8: 437-443.

van Dijk KN, de Vries CS, ter Huurne K, van den Berg PB, Brouwers JRBJ & de Jong-van den Berg LTW (2002) Concomitant prescribing of benzodiazepines during antidepressant therapy in the elderly. J Clin Epidemiol 55: 1049-1053.

van Os J, Howard R, Takei N & Murray R (1995) Increasing age is a risk factor for psychosis in the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 30: 161-164.

Veehof LJG, Stewart RE, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM & Meyboom-de Jong B (2000) The development of polypharmacy. A longitudinal study. Fam Pract 17: 261-267.

Viramo P (1994) Dementia from the perspective of primary health care and the family. Doctoral thesis. Acta Univ Oul D 322, Oulu. (In Finnish with an English summary)

Wang PS, Bohn RL, Glynn RJ, Mogun H & Avorn J (2001) Zolpidem use and hip fractures in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 49: 1685-1690.

Weimer LH (2003) Medication-induced peripheral neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 3: 86-92.

Weiner DK, Hanlon JT & Studenski SA (1998) Effects of central nervous system polypharmacy on falls liability in community-dwelling elderly. Gerontology 44: 217-221.

Weinstein F (1980) Neuroleptic-induced depression. Am J Psychiatry 137: 257-258.

Weissman MM, Slobetz F, Prusoff B, Mezritz M & Howard P (1976) Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. Am J Psychiatry 133: 1434-1438.

Wendelin-Saarenhovi M (2002) Ambulatory blood pressure in an elderly population. Doctoral thesis. Ann Univ Turkuensis D 517, Turku.

Wendelin-Saarenhovi ML, Isoaho RE, Hartiala JJ, Helenius HY, Kivelä S-L, Löppönen MK & Hietanen EK (2002) Ambulatory blood pressure characteristics in normotensive and treated hypertensive older people. J Hum Hypertens 16: 177-184.

Wilkinson TJ, Begg EJ, Winter AC & Sainsbury R (1999) Incidence and risk factors for hyponatraemia following treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine in elderly people. Br J Clin Pharmacol 47: 211-217.

Wolfe RM (1997) Antidepressant withdrawal reactions. Am Fam Physician 56: 455-462.

World Health Organization (1985) Drugs for the elderly. World Health Organization, Regional Office of Europe, Copenhagen.

World Health Organization (1987) Vanhus ja lääkkeet. World Health Organization, Regional Office of Europe, Tampere.

World Health Organization (1995) Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics and Methodology, World Health Organization, Oslo.

Wynne HA, Yelland C, Cope LH, Boddy A, Woodhouse KW & Bateman DN (1993) The association of age and frailty with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoclopramide. Age Ageing 22: 354-359.

Ylikoski R, Ylikoski A, Keskivaara P, Tilvis R, Sulkava R & Erkinjuntti T (1999) Heterogeneity of cognitive profiles in aging: successful aging, normal aging, and individuals at risk for cognitive decline. Eur J Neurol 6: 645-652.

Ylinen A, Jäkälä P & Hänninen T (2001) Kognitiivisten toimintojen neurobiologinen tausta. In: Erkinjuntti T, Rinne J, Alhainen K & Soininen H (eds) Muistihäiriöt ja dementia. Duodecim, Helsinki, p 55-72.