| Angiogenesis, apoptosis and re-epithelialization at the foci of recent injury in usual interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Prev | ||
Abid SH, Malhotra V & Perry MC (2001) Radiation-induced and chemotherapy-induced pulmonary injury. Curr Opin Oncol 13: 242–248.
Abraham JA, Whang JL, Tumolo A, Mergia A, Friedman J, Gospodarowicz D & Fiddes JC (1986) Human basic fibroblast growth factor: nucleotide sequence and genomic organization. EMBO J 5: 2523–2528.
Acarregui MJ, Penisten ST, Goss KL, Ramirez K & Snyder JM (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in human fetal lung in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10: 14–23.
Adams JC & Watt FM (1993) Regulation of development and differentiation by the extracellular matrix (Review). Development 117:1183–1198.
Adamson IYR & Bowden DH (1974) The type 2 cell as progenitor of alveolar epithelial regeneration. A cytodynamic study in mice after exposure to oxygen. Lab Invest 30:35–42.
Adamson IY, Young L & Bowden DH (1988) Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 130: 377–383.
Adamson IYR, Hedgecock C & Bowden DH (1990) Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions in lung injury and repair. Am J Pathol 137: 385–392.
Allen JT, Knight RA, Bloor CA & Spiteri MA (1999) Enhanced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (connective tissue growth factor) expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 21: 693–700.
Allen JT & Spiteri MA (2002) Growth factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relative roles (Review). Respir Res 3:13 (http://:respiratory-research.com/content/3/1/13).
American Thoracic Society (2000) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161: 646–664.
American Thoracic Society/ European Respiratory Society (2002) International multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 277–304.
Anderson AE & Foraker AG (1960) Morphological aspects of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Pathol 70: 79–93.
Antonsson B (2001) Bax and other pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family “killer-proteins” and their victim, the mitochondrion. Cell Tissue Res 306: 347–361.
Bachofen M & Weibel ER (1974) Basic pattern of tissue repair in human lungs following unspecific injury. Chest 65: 14S–19S.
Bairey O, Zimra Y, Shaklai M & Rabizadeh E (2001) Bcl-2 expression correlates positively with serum basic fibroblast factor (bFGF) and negatively with cellular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 113: 400–406.
Bálint E & Vousden KH (2001) Activation and activities of the p53 tumour suppressor protein (Review). Br J Cancer 85: 1813–1823.
Barbas-Filho JV, Ferreira MA, Saes A, Kairalla RA, Carvalho CRR & Capelozzi VL (2000) Evidence of type II pneumocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IFP)/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). J Clin Pathol 54: 132–138.
Bardales RH, Xie S-S, Schaefer RF & Hsu S-M (1996) Apoptosis is a major pathway responsible for the resolution of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injury. Am J Pathol 149: 845–852.
Basset F, Ferrans VJ, Soler P, Takemura T, Fukuda Y & Crystal R (1986) Intraluminal fibrosis in interstitial lung disorders. Am J Pathol 122: 443–461.
Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA, Colby TV & Waldron JA (1997) Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 242–248.
Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Coultas DB, Stidley CA, Hunt WC, Colby TV & Waldron JA (2000) Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicenter case–control study. Collaborating Centers. Am J Epidemiol 152: 307–315.
Bensadoun ES, Burke AK, Hogg JC & Roberts CR (1996) Proteoglycan deposition in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154: 1819–1828.
Bignon J, Hem B & Molinier B (1975) Morphometric and angiographic studies in diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. In: Basset F & Georges R (ed) Progress in respiration research: Alveolar interstitium of the lung. Pathological and physiological aspects: 141–160. Karger, New York.
Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Keogh BA, Wewers MD, Adelberg S & Crystal RG (1986) Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 314: 1343–1347.
Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, Schroeder DR & Offord KP (1998) Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 199–203.
Boussat S, Eddahibi S, Coste A, Fataccioli V, Gouge M, Housset B, Adnot S & Maitre B (2000) Expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Biol Physiol 279: L371–378.
Brody AR & Craighead JE (1976) Interstitial associations of cells lining air spaces in human pulmonary fibrosis. Virchows Arch [A] 372: 39–49.
Broekelmann TJ, Limper AH, Colby TV & McDonald JA (1991) Transforming growth factor beta 1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 6642–6646.
Brogi E, Wu T, Namiki A & Isner JM (1994) Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only. Circulation 90: 649–652.
Carter WG, Ryan MC & Gahr PJ (1991) Epiligrin, a new cell adhesion ligand for integrin alpha 3 beta 1 in epithelial basement membranes. Cell 65: 599–610.
Champliaud M-F, Lunstrum GP, Rousselle P, Nishiyama T, Keene DR & Burgeson RE (1996) Human amnion contains a novel laminin variant, laminin 7, which like laminin 6, covalently associates with laminin 5 to promote stable epithelial-stromal attachment. J Cell Biol 132: 1189–1198.
Chang J, Han J, Kim DW, Lee I, Lee KY, Jung S, Han HS, Chun BK, Cho SJ, Lee K, Lim BJ & Shin DH (2002) Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinicopathologic review of a series of 45 Korean patients including rapidly progressive form. J Korean Med Sci 17: 179–186.
Chilosi M, Poletti V, Murer B, Semenzato G & Doglioni C (2001) Epithelial and endothelial cell in lung remodeling. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 18: 20S–21S.
Christou H, Yoshida A, Arthur V, Morita T & Kourembanas S (1998) Increased vascular endothelial growth factor production in the lungs of rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 18: 768–776.
Choi KG, Lee HB, Jeong MY, Rhee YK, Chung MJ, Kwak YG & Lee YC. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in cryptogenig organizing pneumonia. Chest 121: 1478–1485.
Cohen AJ, King TE Jr & Downey GP (1994) Rapidly progressive bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149: 1670–1675.
Cohen JJ, Duke RC, Fadok VA & Sellins KS (1992) Apoptosis and programmed cell death in immunity (Review). Annu Rev Immunol 10: 267–293.
Coker RK, Laurent GJ, Jeffery PK, du Bois RM, Black CM & McAnulty RJ (2001) Localisation of transforming growth factor beta 1 and beta 3 mRNA transcripts in normal and fibrotic human lung. Thorax 56: 549–556.
Colby TV (1992) Pathologic aspects of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 102: 38S–43S.
Colognato H & Yurchenco PD (2000) Form and function: The laminin family of heterotrimers (Review). Dev Dyn 218: 213–234.
Compton MM & Cidlowski JA (1986) Rapid in vivo effect of glucocorticoids on the integrity of rat lymphocyte genomic deoxyribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 118: 38–45.
Cordon-Cardo C, Vlodavsky I, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Hicklin D & Fuks Z (1990) Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in normal human tissues. Lab Invest 63: 832–840.
Costabel U, Teschler H, Schoenfeld B, Hartung W, Nusch A, Guzman J, Greschuchna D & Konietzko N (1992a) BOOP in Europe. Chest 102: 14S–20S.
Costabel U, Teschler H & Guzman J (1992b) Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP): the cytological and immunocytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J 5: 791–797.
Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC & Sobonya RE (1994). The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150: 967–972.
Crapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, Bachofen M & Weibel ER (1982) Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 125: 332–337.
Crouch EC, Martin GR, Brody JS & Laurie GW (1997) Basement membranes. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, p 769–791.
Crystal RG, Gadek JE, Ferrans VI, Fulmer JD, Line BR & Hunninghake GW (1981) Interstitial lung disease: current concepts of pathogenesis, staging and therapy (Review). Am J Med 70: 542–568.
Daniil ZD, Gilchrist FC, Nicholson AG, Hansell DM, Harris J, Colby TV & du Bois RM (1999) A histologic pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is associated with a better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160: 899–905.
Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WAC & Turner-Warwick MEH (1983) Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 52: 382–394.
Decaussin M, Sartelet H, Robert C, More D, Claraz C, Brambilla C & Brambilla E (1999) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its two receptors (VEGF-R1-Flt1 and VEGF-R2-Flk1/KDR) in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs): correlation with angiogenesis and survival. J Pathol 188: 369–377.
Delwel GO, Hogervorst F, Kuikman I, Paulsson M, Timpl R & Sonnenberg A (1993) Expression and function of the cytoplasmic variants of the integrin alpha 6 subunit in transfected K562 cells. Activation-dependent adhesion and interaction with isoforms of laminin. J Biol Chem 268: 25865–25875.
Desmoulière A, Redard M, Darby I & Gabbiani G (1995) Apoptosis mediates the decrease in cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar. Am J Pathol 146: 56–66.
DiPersio CM, Hodivala-Dilke KM, Jaenisch R, Kreidberg JA & Hynes RO (1997) α3β 1 integrin is required for normal development of the epidermal basement membrane. J Cell Biol 137: 729–742.
Dorscheid DR, Wojcik KR, Sun S, Marroquin B & White SR (2001) Apoptosis of airway epithelial cells induced by corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1939–1947.
Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrington CB & Gaensler EA (1985) Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 312: 152–158.
Esco MA, Wang Z, McDermott ML & Kurpakus-Wheather M (2001) Potential role for laminin 5 in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis of human corneal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 114: 4033–4040.
Fehrenbach H, Kasper M, Haase M, Schuh D & Müller M (1999a) Differential immunolocalization of VEGF in rat and human adult lung, and in experimental rat lung fibrosis: light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Anat Rec 254: 61–73.
Fehrenbach H, Haase M, Kasper M, Koslowski R, Schuh D & Müller M (1999b) Alterations in the immunohistochemical distribution patterns of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors Flk1 and Flt1 in bleomycin-induced rat lung fibrosis. Virchows Arch 435: 20–31.
Ferrara N & Henzel WJ (1989) Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161: 851–858.
Ferrara N (2001) Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in regulation of physiological angiogenesis (Review). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C1358–C1366.
Folkman J, Klagsbrun M, Sasse J, Wadzinski M, Ingber D & Vlodavsky I (1988) A heparin-binding angiogenic protein -basic fibroblast growth factor- is stored within basement membrane. Am J Pathol 130: 393–400.
Fujii M, Hayakawa H, Urano T, Sato A, Chida K, Nakamura H & Takada A (2000) Relevance of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor for hypercoagulable state in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thromb Res 99: 111–117.
Fukuda Y, Ishizaki M, Kudoh S, Kitaichi M & Yamanaka N (1998) Localization of matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in interstitial lung diseases. Lab Invest 78: 687–698.
Fukuda Y, Mochimaru H, Terasaki Y, Kawamoto M & Kudoh S (2001) Mechanism of structural remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 120: 41S–43S.
Gagnoux-Palacios L, Allegra M, Spirito F, Pommeret O, Romero C, Ortonne J-P & Meneguzzi G (2001) The short arm of the laminin γ 2 chain plays a pivotal role in the incorporation of laminin 5 into the extracellular matrix and in cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 153: 835–849.
Gerber HP, Dixit V & Ferrara N (1988) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of the antiapoptotic proteins. Bcl-1 and A1 in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 273: 13313–13316.
Giannelli G, Falk-Marzillier J, Schiraldi O, Stetler-Stevenson WG & Quaranta V (1997) Induction of cell migration by matrix metalloprotease-2 cleavage of laminin-5. Science 277: 225–228.
Golden A & Bronk TT (1953) Diffuse interstitial fibrosis of lungs. A form of diffuse interstitial angiosis and reticulosis of the lungs. Arch Int Med 92: 606–614.
Goldfinger LE, Stack MS & Jones JCR (1998) Processing of laminin-5 and its functional consequences: role of plasmin and tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Cell Biol 141: 255–265.
Goldstein RH & Polgar P (1982) The effect and interaction of bradykinin and prostaglandins on protein and collagen production by lung fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 257: 8630–8633.
Gosink BB, Friedman PJ & Liebow AA 1973 Bronchiolitis obliterans. Roentgenologic-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 117: 816–832.
Gospodarowicz D, Cheng J & Lirette M (1983) Bovine brain and pituitary fibroblast growth factors: comparison of their abilities to support the proliferation of human and bovine vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 97: 1677–1685.
Gracey DR, Divertie MB & Brown AL Jr (1968) Alveolar-capillary membrane in idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 98: 16–21.
Greene KE, King TE Jr, Kuroki Y, Bucher-Bartelson B, Hunninghake GW, Newman LS, Nagae H & Mason RJ (2002) Serum surfactant proteins-A and -D as biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 19: 439–446.
Grützkau A, Krüger-Krasagakes S, Baumeister H, Schwarz C, Kögel H, Welker P, ClipArt U, Henz BM & Möller A (1998) Synthesis, storage, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) by human mast cells: implications for the biological significance of VEGF206 . Mol Biol Cell 9: 875–884.
Guinee D, Fleming M, Hayashi T, Woodward M, Zhang J, Walls J, Koss M, Ferrans V & Travis W (1996) Association of p53 and WAF1 expression with apoptosis in diffuse alveolar damage. Am J Pathol 149: 531–538.
Guinee D Jr, Brambilla E, Fleming M, Hayashi T, Rahn M, Koss M, Ferrans V & Travis W (1997) The potential role of bax and bcl-2 expression in diffuse alveolar damage. Am J Pathol 151: 999–1007.
Hamman L & Rich AR (1944) Acute diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lungs. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 74: 177–212.
Hao J, Yang Y, McDaniel KM, Dalkin B, Cress AE & Nagle RB (1996) Differential expression of laminin 5 (α3β 3γ 2) by human malignant and normal prostate. Am J Pathol 149: 1341–1349.
Haslett C (1999) Granulocyte apoptosis and its role in the resolution and control of lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160: S5–S11.
Hayashi T, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Fleming MV, Fishback N, Koss MN, Liotta LA, Ferrans VJ & Travis WD (1996) Immunohistochemical study of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the lungs of patients with diffuse alveolar damage and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 149: 1241–1256.
Henke G, Fiegel V, Peterson M, Wick M, Knighton D, McCarthy J & Bitterman P (1991) Identification and partial characterization of angiogenesis bioactivity in the lower respiratory tract after acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 88: 1386–1395.
Henke C, Marineili W, Jessurun J, Fox J, Harms D, Peterson M, Chiang L & Doran P (1993) Macrophage production of basic fibroblast growth factor in the fibroproliferative disorder of alveolar fibrosis after lung injury. Am J Pathol 143: 1189–1199.
Hodgson U, Laitinen T & Tukiainen P (2002) Nationwide prevalence of sporadic and familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence of founder effect among multiplex families in Finland. Thorax 57: 338–342.
Howdieshell TR, Callaway D, Webb WL, Gaines MD, Procter CD Jr, Sathyanarayana, Pollock JS, Brochk TL & McNeil PL (2001) Antibody neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits wound granulation tissue formation. J Surg Res 96: 173–182.
Huaux F, Louahed J, Hudspith B, Meredith C, Delos M, Renauld J-C & Lison D (1998) Role of interleukin-10 in the lung response to silica in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 617–628.
Hubbard R, Lewis S, Richards K, Johnston I & Britton J (1996) Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 347; 284–289.
Hubbard R, Venn A, Smith C, Cooper M, Johnston I & Britton J (1998) Exposure to commonly prescribed drugs and the etiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 743–747.
Iijima K, Yoshikawa N, Connolly DT & Nakamura H (1993) Human mesangial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce vascular permeability factor. Kidney Int 44: 959–966.
Imokawa S, Sato A, Hayakawa H, Kotani M, Urano T & Takada A (1997) Tissue factor expression and fibrin deposition in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: 631–636.
Ishida A, Murray J, Saito Y, Kanthou C, Benzakour O, Shibuya M & Wijelath ES (2001) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 188: 359–368.
Ito A, Hirota S, Mizuno H, Kawasaki Y, Takemura T, Nishiura T, Kanakura Y, Katayama Y, Nomura S & Kitamura Y (1995) Expression of vascular permeability factor (VPF/VEGF) messenger RNA by plasma cells: possible involvement in the development of edema in chronic inflammation. Pathol Int 45: 715–720.
Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y & Nagata S (1991) The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233–243.
Iwai K, Mori T, Yamada N, Yamaguchi M & Hosoda Y (1994) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150: 670–675.
Jackson JR, Minton JAL, Ho ML, Wei N & Winkler JD (1997) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in synovial fibroblasts is induced by hypoxia and interleukin 1ß. J Rheumatol 24: 1253–1259.
Jones JC, Hopkinson SB & Goldfinger LE (1998) Structure and assembly of hemidesmosomes (Review). Bioessays 20: 488–494.
Jordana M, Schulman J, McSharry C, Irving LB, Newhouse MT, Jordana G & Gauldie J (1988) Heterogeneous proliferative characteristics of human adult lung fibroblast lines and clonally derived fibroblasts from control and fibrotic tissue. Am Rev Respir Dis 137: 579–584.
Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Tani T, Sormunen R, Soini Y, Virtanen I & Pääkkö P (1996) Tenascin immunoreactivity as a prognostic marker in usual interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154: 511–518.
Kallunki P, Sainio K, Eddy R, Byers M, Kallunki T, Sariola H, Beck K, Hirvonen H, Shows TB & Tryggvason K (1992) A truncated laminin chain homologous to the B2 chain: structure, spatial expression, and chromosomal assignment. J Cell Biol 119: 679–693.
Kaneko Y, Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Kawasaki M, Hagimoto N & Hara N (2000) B7-1, B7-2 and class II HMC molecules in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2000 15: 49–55.
Kanellis J, Fraser S, Katerelos M & Power DA (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor is survival factor for renal tubular epithelial cells. Am J Renal Physiol 278: F905–F915.
Kaner RJ & Crystal RG (2001) Compartmentalization of vascular endothelial growth factor to the epithelial surface of the human lung. Mol Med 7: 240–246.
Kaner RJ, Ladetto JV, Singh R, Fukuda N, Matthay MA & Crystal RG (2000) Lung overexpression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene induces pulmonary edema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22: 657–664.
Kapanci Y, Desmouliere A, Pache JC, Redard M & Gabbiani G (1995) Cytoskeletal protein modulation in pulmonary alveolar myofibroblasts during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Possible role of transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: 2163–2169.
Karsan A, Yee E, Poirier GG, Zhou P, Craig R & Harlan JM (1997) Fibroblast growth factor-2 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis by dependent and independent mechanisms. Am J Pathol 151: 1775–1784.
Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Le Cras TD, Abman S, Hirth PK, Waltenberger J & Voelkel NF (2000) Inhibition of VEGF receptors causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema. J Clin Invest 106: 1311–1319.
Katzenstein A-LA (1985) Pathogenesis of “fibrosis” in interstitial pneumonia: an electron microscopic study. Hum Pathol 16: 1015–1024.
Katzenstein A-LA, Myers JL & Mazur TM (1986) Acute interstitial pneumonia. A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and cell kinetic study. Am J Surg Pathol 10: 256–267.
Katzenstein AL & Fiorelli RF (1994) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histologic feature and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 18: 136–147.
Katzenstein A-LA (1997) Katzenstein and Askin´s surgical pathology of non-neoplastic lung disease. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
Katzenstein A-LA & Myers JL (1998) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical relevance of pathologic classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 1301–1315.
Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ & Crystal RG (1982) Structure of alveolar epithelial cells in patients with fibrotic lung disorders. Lab Invest 46: 39–53.
Kawanami O, Basset F, Barrios R, Lacronique JG, Ferrans VJ & Crystal RG (1983) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in man. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies of 18 lung biopsies. Am J Pathol 110: 275–289.
Kazufumi M, Sonoko N, Masanori K, Takateru I & Akira O (1997) Expression of bcl-2 protein and APO-1 (Fas antigen) in the lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Microsc Res Tech 38: 480–487.
Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Lynch JP III, Whyte RI, Iannettoni MD, Burdick MD, Wilke CA, Morris SB, Glass MC, DiGiovine B, Kunkel SL & Strieter RM (1997) The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 159: 1437–1443.
Kennedy SH, Qin H, Lin L & Tan EM (1995) Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates type I collagen and collagenase gene expression in human smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 146: 764–771.
Kerr JF, Wyllie AH & Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics (Review). Br J Cancer 26: 239–257.
Kerr JFR, Winterford CM & Harmon BV (1994) Apoptosis. Its significance in cancer and cancer therapy (Review). Cancer 73: 2013–2026.
King TE Jr, Schwarz MI, Brown K, Tooze JA, Colby TV, Waldron JA, Flint A, Thurlbeck W & Cherniack RM (2001) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Relationship between histopathologic features and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1025–1032.
Kingsley K, Rust WL, Huff JL, Smith RC, Plopper GE (2002) PDGF-BB enhances expression of, and reduces adhesion to, laminin-5 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 28: 1017–1022.
Kivirikko S, McGrath JA, Baudoin C, Aberdam D, Ciatti S, Dunnill MG, McMillan JR, Eady RA, Ortonne JP, Meneguzzi G, Uitto J & Christiano AM (1995). A homozygous nonsense mutation in the alpha 3 chain gene of laminin 5 (LAMA3) in lethal (Herlitz) junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Hum Mol Genet 4: 959–962.
Kolb M, Bonniaud P, Galt T, Sime PJ, Kelly MM, Margetts PJ & Gauldie J (2002) Differences in the fibrogenic response after transfer of active transforming growth factor-beta1 gene to lungs of “fibrosis-prone” and “fibrosis-resistant” mouse strains. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27: 141–150.
Korpelainen EI, Kärkkäinen MJ, Tenhunen A, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Vierula M, Parvinen M & Alitalo K (1998) Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF. J Cell Biol 143: 1705–1712.
Koshikawa N, Giannelli G, Cirulli V, Miyazaki K & Quaranta V (2000) Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cells migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 148: 615–624.
Kotani I, Sato A , Hayakawa H, Urano T, Takada Y & Takada A (1995) Increased procoagulant and antifibrinolytic activities in the lung with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thromb Res 77: 493–504.
Koyama S, Sato E, Haniuda M, Numanami H, Nagai S & Izumi T (2002) decreased level of vascular endothelial growth factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of normal smokers and patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Crit Care Med 166: 382–385.
Krajewski S, Bodrug S, Krajewska M, Shabaik A, Gascoyne R, Berea K & Reed JC (1995) Immunohistochemical analysis of mcl-1 protein in human tissues. Differential regulation of mcl-1 and bcl-2 protein production suggests a unique role for mcl-1 in control of programmed cell death in vivo. Am J Pathol 146: 1309–1319.
Kuhn C III, Boldt J, King TE Jr, Crouch E, Vartio T & McDonald JA (1989) An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tissue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 1693–1703.
Kuhn C & McDonald JA (1991) The roles of the myofibroblast in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of sites of active extracellular matrix synthesis. Am J Pathol 138: 1257–1265.
Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Kawasaki M, Nomoto Y, Hagimoto N, Nakanishi Y & Hara N (1996) p21Waf1/Cip1/Sid1 and p53 expression in association with DNA strand breaks in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154: 477–483.
Kuwano K, Miyazaki H, Hagimoto N, Kawasaki M, Fujita M, Kunitake R, Kaneko Y & Hara N (1999) The involvement of Fas-Fas ligand pathway in fibrosing lung diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20: 53–60.
Kuwano K, Kawasaki M, Maeyama T, Hagimoto N, Nakamura N, Shirakawa K & Hara N (2000) Soluble form of Fas and Fas ligand in BAL fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 118: 451–458.
Lamoreaux WJ, Fitzgerald MEC, Reiner A, Hasty KA & Charles ST (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor increases release of gelatinase A and decreases release of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Microvasc Res 55: 29–42.
Lange W (1901) Über eine eigenthümliche Erkrankung der kleinen Bronchien und Bronchiolen (Bronchitis et Bronchiolitis obliterans). Dtsch Arch Klin Med 70: 342–364.
Lassus P, Ristimäki A, Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L & Andersson S (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor in human preterm lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 1429–1433.
Lauer G, Sollberg S, Cole M, Flamme I, Stürzebecher, Mann K, Krieg T & Eming SA (2000) Expression and proteolysis of vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in chronic wounds. J Invest Dermatol 115: 12–18.
Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I & Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 571–577.
Leivo I, Tani T, Laitinen L, Bruns R, Kivilaakso E, Lehto VP, Burgeson RE & Virtanen I (1996) Anchoring complex components laminin-5 and type VII collagen in intestine: association with migrating and differentiating enterocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 44: 1267–1277.
Lemjabbar H, Gosset P, Lechapt-Zalcman E, Franco-Montoya M-L, Wallaert B, Harf A & Lafuma C (1999) Overexpression of alveolar macrophage gelatinase B (MMP-9) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20: 903–913.
Leslie CC, McCormick-Shannon K & Mason RJ (1990) Heparin-binding growth factors stimulate DNA synthesis in rat alveolar type II cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2: 99–106.
Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang W-J, Goeddel DV & Ferrara N (1989) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246: 1306–1309.
Levrey Hadden H & Henke CA (2000) Induction of lung fibroblast apoptosis by soluble fibronectin peptides. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 1553–1560.
Li W & Keller G (2000) VEGF nuclear accumulation correlates with phenotypical changes in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 113:1525–1534.
Li C-M, Khosla J, Hoyle p & Sannes PL (2001) Transforming growth factor-ß1 modifies fibroblast growth factor-2 production in type II cells. Chest 120: 60S–61S.
Liebler JM, Picou MA, Qu Z, Powers MR & Rosenbaum JT (1997) Altered immunohistochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor after bleomycin-induced lung injury. Growth Factors 14: 25–38.
Liebow AA (1975) Definition and classification of interstitial pneumonias in human pathology. In: Basset F & Georges R (ed) Progress in respiration research: Alveolar interstitium of the lung. Pathological and physiological aspects: 1–33. Karger, New York.
Liu Y, Cox SR, Morita T, Kourembanas S (1995) Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5´enhancer. Circ Res 77: 638–643.
Liu MH, Jin H, Floten HS, Ren Z, Yim AP & He GW (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated, endothelium-dependent relaxation in human internal mammary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 73: 819–824.
Lok SS & Egan JJ (2000) Viruses and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Review). Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 55: 146–150.
Lynch JP 3rd & Hunninghake GW (1992) Pulmonary complications of collagen vascular disease (Review). Annu Rev Med 43: 17–35.
Lynch JP III, White E & Flaherty K (2001) Corticosteroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Review). Curr Opin Pulm Med 7: 309–313.
Maeyama T, Kuwano K, Kawasaki M, Kunitake R, Hagimoto N, Matsuba T, Yoshimi M, Inoshima I, Yoshida K & Hara N (2001) Upregulation of Fas-signalling molecules in lung epithelial cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 17: 180–189.
Maitre B, Boussat S, Jean D, Gouge M, Brochard L, Houses B, Adnot S & Delclaux C (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in the acute phase of experimental and clinical lung injury. Eur Respir J 18: 100–106.
Mannino DM, Etzel RA & Parrish RG (1996) Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979–1991. An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 1548–1552.
Marinkovich MP, Lunstrum GP & Burgeson RE (1992) The anchoring filament protein kalinin is synthesized and secreted as a high molecular weight precursor. J Biol Chem 267: 17900–17906.
Marshall RP, Puddicombe A, Cookson WP & Laurent GJ (2000) Adult familial cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in the United Kingdom. Thorax 55: 143–146.
Mason RJ & Shannon JM (1997) Alveolar type II cells. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 543–555.
Mattern J, Koomagi R & Volm M (1997) Coexpression of VEGF and bFGF in human epidermoid lung carcinoma is associated with increased vessel density. Anticancer Res 17: 2249–2252.
McAnulty RJ, Hernandez-Rodriguez NA, Mutsaers SE, Coker RK & Laurent GJ (1997) Indomethacin suppresses the anti-proliferative effects of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms on fibroblast cell cultures. Biochem J 321: 639–643.
McGee GS, Davidson JM, Buckley A, Sommer A, Woodward SC, Aquino AM, Barbour R & Demetriou AA (1988) Recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor accelerates wound healing. J Surg Res 45: 145–153.
McNeil PL, Muthukrishnan L, Warder e & D´Amore PA (1989) Growth factors are released by mechanically wounded endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 109: 811–822.
Melis M, Siena L, pace E, Gjomarkaj M, Profita M, Pirazzoli A, Todaro M, Stassi G, Bonsignore G & Vignola AM (2002) Fluticasone induces apoptosis in peripheral T-lymphocytes: a comparison between asthmatic and normal subjects. Eur Respir J 19: 257–266.
Mermigkis CM, Tsakanika K, Polychronopoulos V, Karagianidis N, Mermigkis D & Bouros D (2001) Expression of bcl-2 protein in bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Cytol 45: 914–918.
Meyer KC, Cardoni A & Xiang ZZ (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor in bronchoalveolar lavage from normal subjects and patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease. J Lab Clin Med 135: 332–338.
Mignatti P & Rifkin DB (1991) Release of basic fibroblast growth factor, an angiogenic factor devoid of secretory signal sequence: a trivial phenomenon or a novel secretion mechanism? J Cell Biochem 47: 201–207.
Mignatti P, Morimoto T & Rifkin DB (1992) Basic fibroblast growth factor, a protein devoid of secretory signal sequence, is released by cells via a pathway independent of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex. J Cell Physiol 151: 81–93.
Mizushima H, Koshikawa N, Moriyama K, Takamura H, Nagashima Y, Hirahara F & Miyazaki K (1998) Wide distribution of laminin-5 γ 2 chain in basement membranes of various human tissues. Horm Res 50: 7–14S.
Montesano R, Vassalli JD, Baird A, Guillemin R & Orci L (1986) Basic fibroblast growth factor induces angiogenesis in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7297–7301.
Moon J, du Bois RM, Colby TV, Hansell DM & Nicholson AG (1999) Clinical significance of respiratory bronchiolitis on open lung biopsy and its relationship to smoking related interstitial lung disease. Thorax 54: 1009–1014.
Mooney A, Jackson K, Bacon R, Streuli C, Edwards G, Bassuk J & Savill J (1999) Type IV collagen and laminin regulate glomerular mesangial cell susceptibility to apoptosis via beta (1) integrin-mediated survival signals. Am J Pathol 155: 599–606.
Moscatelli D, Presta M, Joseph-Silverstein J& Rifkin DB (1986) Both normal and tumor cells produce basic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Physiol 129: 273–276.
Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H, Griffiths MJ, Dalton SL, Wu J, Pittet JF, Kaminski N, Garat C, Matthay MA, Rifkin DB & Sheppard D (1999) The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 96: 319–328.
Myers JL & Katzenstein A-LA (1988a) Epithelial necrosis and alveolar collapse in the pathogenesis of usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest 94: 1309–1311.
Myers JL & Katzenstein A-LA (1988b) Ultrastructural evidence of alveolar epithelial injury in idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Am J Pathol 132: 102–109.
Myers JL, Veal CF Jr, Shin MS & Katzenstein A-LA (1987) Respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. Am Rev Respir Dis 135: 880–884.
Nagai S, Aung H, Tanaka S, Satake N, Mio T, Kawatani A, Kusume K, Kitaichi M & Izumi T (1992) Bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings in patients with BOOP and related diseases. Chest 102:32S–37S.
Namiki A, Brogi E, Kearney M, Kim EA, Wu T, Couffinhal T, Varticovski L & Isner JM (1995) Hypoxia induces vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 270: 31189–31195.
Negri EM, Montes GS, Saldiva PHN & Capelozzi VL (2000) Architectural remodelling in acute and chronic interstitial lung disease: fibrosis or fibroelastosis? Histopathology 37: 393–401.
Nehls V & Herrmann R (1995) The configuration of fibrin clots determines capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration. Microvasc Res 51: 347–364.
Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S & Poltorak Z (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (Review). FASEB J 13: 9–22.
Nguyen L, Ward WF, Ts´ao C-H & Molteni A (1994) Captopril inhibits proliferation of human lung fibroblasts in culture: A potential antifibrotic mechanism. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205: 80–84.
Nicholson AG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM & Wells AU (2000) The prognostic significance of the histologic pattern of interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with the clinical entity of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 2213–2217.
Nicholson AG, Fulford LG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM & Wells AU (2002) The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 166: 173–177.
Niessen CM, Hogervorts F, Jaspars LH, de Melker AA, Delwel GO, Hulsman EH, Kuikman I & Sonnenberg A (1994) The alpha 6 beta 4 integrin is a receptor for both laminin and kalinin. Exp Cell Res 211: 360–367.
Nissen NN, Polverini PJ, Koch AE, Volin MV, Gamelli RL & DiPietro LA (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates angiogenic activity during the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am J Pathol 152: 1445–1452.
Pardo A, Selman M, Ramírez R, Ramos C, Montaño M, Stricklin G & Raghu G (1992) Production of collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by fibroblasts derived from normal and fibrotic human lungs. Chest 102: 1085–1089.
Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L & Montesano R (1991) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181: 902–906.
Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L & Montesano R (1992) Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189: 824–831.
Peyrol S, Cordier-J-F & Grimaud J-A (1990) Intra-alveolar fibrosis of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Am J Pathol 137: 155–170.
Pidgeon GP, Barr MP, Harmey JH, Foley DA & Bouchier-Hayes DJ (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulates bcl-2 and inhibits apoptosis in human and murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 20: 273–278.
Polunovsky VA, Chen B, Henke C, Snover D, Wendt C, Ingbar DH & Bitterman PB (1993) Role of mesenchymal cell death in lung remodeling after injury. J Clin Invest 92: 388–397.
Powers CJ, McLeskey SW & Wellstein A (2000) Fibroblast growth factors, their receptors and signalling (Review). Endocr Relat Cancer 7: 165–197.
Pulkkinen L, Christiano AM, Airenne T, Haakana H, Tryggvason K & Uitto J (1994a) Mutations in the gamma 2 chain gene (LAMC2) of kalinin/laminin 5 in the junctional forms of epidermolysis bullosa. Nat Genet 6: 293–297.
Pulkkinen L, Christiano AM, Gerecke D, Wagman DW, Burgeson RE, Pittelkow MR & Uitto J (1994b) A homozygous nonsense mutation in the beta 3 chain gene of laminin 5 (LAMB3) in Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Genomics 15: 357–360.
Pyke C, Romer J, Kallunki P, Lund LR, Ralfkiaer E, Dano K, Tryggvason K (1994) The gamma 2 chain of kalinin/laminin 5 is preferentially expressed in invading malignant cells in human cancers. Am J Pathol 145: 782–791.
Pyke C, Salo S, Ralfkiaer E, Romer J, Dano K & Tryggvason K (1995) Laminin-5 is a marker of invading cancer cells in some human carcinomas and is coexpressed with the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in budding cancer cells in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 55: 4132–4139.
Pääkkö P, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Pöllänen R & Soini Y (2000) Tenascin mRNA expression at the foci of recent injury in usual interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161: 967–972.
Raghu G, Striker LJ, Hudson LD & Striker GE (1985) Extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 131: 281–289.
Raghu G, Chen YY, Rusch V & Rabinovitch PS (1988) Differential proliferation of fibroblasts cultured from normal and fibrotic human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 138: 703–708.
Raghu G, Johnson WC, Lockhart D & Mageto Y (1999) Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone: results of a prospective, open-label Phase II study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 1061–1069.
Ramos C, Montano M, Garcia-Alvarez J, Ruiz V, Uhal BD, Selman M & Pardo A (2001) Fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and normal lungs differ in growth rate, apoptosis, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24: 591–598.
Rissanen TT, Vajanto I, Hiltunen MO, Rutanen J, Kettunen MI, Niemi M, Leppänen P, Turunen MP, Markkanen JE, Arve K, Alhava E, Kauppinen RA & Ylä-Herttula S (2002) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) in ischemic skeletal muscle and its regeneration. Am J Pathol 160: 1393–1403.
Robinson CJ & Stringer SE (2001) The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors (Review). J Cell Sci 114: 853–865.
Rousselle P, Lunstrum GP, Keene DR & Burgeson RE (1991) Kalinin: an epithelium-specific basement membrane adhesion molecule that is a component of anchoring filaments. J Cell Biol 114: 567–576.
Rousselle P, Keene DR, Ruggiero F, Champliaud M-F, van der Rest M & Burgeson RE (1997) Laminin 5 binds the NC-1 domain of type VII collagen. J Cell Biol 138: 719–728.
Salo S, Haakana H, Kontusaari S, Hujanen E, Kallunki T & Tryggvason K (1999) Laminin-5 promotes adhesion and migration of epithelial cells: identification of a migration-related element in the γ 2 chain gene (LAMC2) with activity in transgenic mice. Matrix Biol 18: 197–210.
Sannes PL, Khosla J, Johnson S, Goralska M, McGahan C & Menard M (1996) Basic fibroblast growth factor in fibrosing alveolitis induced by oxygen stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 796:182–185.
Sato K, Katagiri K, Hattori S, Tsuji T, Irimura T, Irie S & Katagiri T (1999) Laminin 5 promotes activation and apoptosis of the T cells expressing α3β 1 integrin. Exp Cell Res 247: 451–460.
Sato Y & Rifkin DB (1988) Autocrine activities of basic fibroblast growth factor: regulation of endothelial cell movement, plasminogen activator synthesis, and DNA synthesis. J Cell Biol 107: 1199–1205.
Sauty A, Rochat T, Schoch OD, Hamacher J, Kurt AM, Dayer JM & Nicod LP (1997) Pulmonary fibrosis with predominant CD8 lymphocytic alveolitis and anti-Jo-1 antibodies. Eur Respir J 10: 2907–2912.
Schittny JC, Djonov V, Fine A & Burri PH (1998) Programmed cell death contributes to postnatal lung development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 18: 786–793.
Schneeberger EE (1997) Alveolar type I cells. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 535–542.
Schwartz DA, Helmers RA, Galvin JR, Van Fossen DS, Frees KL, Dayton CS, Burmeister LF & Hunninghake GW (1994) Determinants of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149: 450–454.
Schweigerer L, Neufeld G, Friedman J, Abraham JA, Fiddes JC & Gospodarowicz D (1987) Capillary endothelial cells express basic fibroblast growth factor, a mitogen that promotes their own growth. Nature 325: 257–259.
Scott J, Johnston I & Britton J (1990) What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case-control study of environmental exposure to dust. Br Med J 301: 1015–1017.
Selman M, Ruiz V, Cabrera S, Segura L, Ramírez R, Barrios R & Pardo A (2000) TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment? Am J Physiol 279: L562–L574.
Selman M, King TE & Pardo A (2001) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy (Review). Ann Intern Med 134: 136–151.
Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS & Dvorak HF (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219: 983–985.
Shibuya M, Yamaguchi S, Yamane A, Ikeda T, Tojo A, Matsushime H & Sato M (1990) Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family. Oncogene 5: 519–524.
Shifren JL, Doldi N, Ferrara N, Mesiano S & Jaffe RB (1994) In the human fetus, vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in epithelial cells and myocytes, but not vascular endothelium: implications for mode of action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 316–322.
Shi-wen X, Pennington D, Homes A, Leask A, Bradham D, Beauchamp JR, Fonseca D, du Bois RM, Martin GR, Back CM & Abraham DJ (2000) Autocrine overexpression of CTGF maintains fibrosis: RDA analysis of fibrosis genes in systemic sclerosis. Exp Cell Res 259: 213–224.
Silverman ES, Gerritsen ME & Collins T (1997) Metabolic functions of the pulmonary endothelium. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 629–651.
Sime PJ, Xing Z, Graham FL, Csaky KG & Gauldie J (1997) Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-ß1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J Clin Invest 100:768–776.
Simionescu M (1997) Lung endothelium: structure-function correlates. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 615–628.
Slot JW & Geuze H J (1985) A novel method to make gold probes for multiple labeling cytochemistry. Eur J Cell Biol 38: 87–93
Soini Y, Pääkkö P & Lehto V-P (1998) Histopathological evaluation of apoptosis in cancer (Review). Am J Pathol 153: 1041–1053.
Specks U, Nerlich A, Colby TV, Wiest I & Timpl R (1995) Increased expression of type VI collagen in lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151: 1956–1964.
Stadelmann C & Lassmann H (2001) Detection of apoptosis in tissue sections. Cell Tissue Res 301: 19–31.
Stavri GT, Zachary IC, Baskerville PA, Martin JF & Erusalimsky JD (1995) Basic fibroblast growth factor upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Synergistic interaction with hypoxia. Circulation 92: 11–14.
Stewart JP, Egan JJ, Ross AJ, Kelly BG, Lok SS, Hasleton PS & Woodcock AA (1999) The detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 1336–1341.
Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P & Nagata S (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75: 1169–1178.
Suga M, Iyonaga K, Okamoto T, Gushima Y, Miyakawa H, Akaike T & Ando M (2000) Characteristic elevation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 1949–1956.
Suzuma K, Naruse K, Suzuma I, Takahara N, Ueki K, Aiello LP & King GL (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of connective tissue growth factor via KDR, Flt1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-akt-dependent pathways in retinal vascular cells. J Biol Chem 275: 40725–40731.
Tan A, Levrey H, Dahm C, Polunovsky VA, Rubins J & Bitterman PB (1999) Lovastatin induces fibroblast apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. A possible therapy for fibroproliferative disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 220–227.
Taylor L, Polgar P, McAteer JA & Douglas WH (1979) Prostaglandin production by type II alveolar epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 572: 502–509.
Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME, Dragan D, Armellino DC, Gospodarowicz D & Böhlen P (1992) Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 1579–1586.
Thomas AQ, Lane K, Phillips J III, Prince M, Markin C, Speer M, Schwartz DA, Gaddipati R, Marney A, Johnson J, Roberts R, Haines J, Stahlman M & Loyd JE (2002) Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 1322–1328.
Thompson CB (1995) Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease (Review). Science 267: 1456–1462.
Timmer T, de Vries EGE & de Jong S (2002) Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis: a clinical application? (Review). J Pathol 196: 125–134.
Tsuboi R, Sato Y & Rifkin DB (1990) Correlation of cell migration, cell invasion, receptor number, proteinase production, and basic fibroblast growth factor levels in endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 110: 511–517.
Tuder RM, Flook BE & Voelkel NF (1995) Increased gene expression for VEGF and the VEGF receptors KDR/Flk and Flt in lungs exposed to acute or to chronic hypoxia. Modulation of gene expression by nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 95: 1798–1807.
Törmänen U, Eerola AK, Rainio P, Vähäkangas K, Soini Y, Sormunen R, Bloigu R, Lehto VP & Pääkkö P (1995) Enhanced apoptosis predicts shortened survival in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 55: 5595–5602.
Uchida K, Uchida S, Nitta K, Yumura W, Marumo F & Nihei H (1994) Glomerulal endothelial cells in culture express and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Physiol 266: F81–F8.
Uhal BD, Joshi I, True AL, Mundle S, Raza A, Pardo A & Selman M (1995) Fibroblasts isolated after lung injury induce apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 269: L819–L828.
Uhal BD, Joshi I, Hughes WF, Ramos C, Pardo A & Selman M (1998) Alveolar epithelial cell death adjacent to underlying myofibroblasts in advanced fibrotic human lung. Am J Physiol 275: L1192–L1199.
Unemori EN, Ferrara N, Bauer EA & Amento EP (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 153: 557–562.
Usuki J & Fukuda Y (1995) Evolution of three patterns of intra-alveolar fibrosis produced by bleomycin in rats. Pathol Int 45: 552–564.
Virtanen I, Tani T, Back N, Happola O, Laitinen L, Kiviluoto T, Salo J, Burgeson RE, Lehto VP & Kivilaakso E (1995) Differential expression of laminin chains and their integrin receptors in human gastric mucosa. Am J Pathol 147: 1123–1132.
Vivinus-Nebot M, Ticchioni M, Mary F, Hofman P, Quaranta V, Rousselle P & Bernard A (1999) Laminin 5 in the human thymus: control of T cell proliferation via α6β 4 integrins. J Cell Biol 144: 563–574.
de Vries C, Escobedo JA, Ueno H, Houck K, Ferrara N & Williams LT (1992) The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science 255: 989–991.
Wagenvoort CA (1980) Lung biopsy specimens in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease. Chest 77: 614–625.
Wallace WA, Schofield JA, Lamb D & Howie SE (1994) Localisation of a pulmonary autoantigen in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 49: 1139–1145.
Waltenberger J, Claesson-Welsh L, Siegbahn A, Shibuya M & Heldin C-H (1994) Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 269: 26988–26995.
Wang R, Ramos C, Joshi I, Zagariya A, Pardo A, Selman M & Uhal BD (1999) Human lung myofibroblast-derived inducers of alveolar epithelial apoptosis identified as angiotensin peptides. Am J Physiol 275: L1192–L1199.
Wang Q, Maloof P, Wang H, Fenig E, Stein D, Nichols G, Denny TN, Yahalom J & Wieder R (1998) Basic fibroblast growth factor downregulates bcl-2 and promotes apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 238: 177–187.
Watanabe K, Senju S, Fu-Qiang W, Shirakusa T, Maeda F & Yoshida M (1998) Factors related to the relapse of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 114: 1599–1606.
Watkins RH, D´Angio CT, Ryan RM, Patel A & Maniscalco WM (1999) Differential expression of VEGF mRNA splice variant in newborn and adult hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Physiol 276: L858–L867.
Weibel ER & Crystal RG (1997) Structural organization of the pulmonary interstitium. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 685–695.
Wolf G & Crystal RG (1997) Biology of pulmonary fibrosis. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER & Barnes PJ (ed) The Lung. Scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 2509–2524.
Youshinouchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Ueda R, Sato S & Ueda N (1999) Myofibroblasts and S-100 protein positive cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 14: 579–584.
Yousem SA, Lohr RH & Colby TV (1997) Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with unfavourable outcome: Pathologic predictors. Mod Pathol 10: 864–871.
Zhang H-Y & Phan SH (1999) Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor ß1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 21: 658–665.
Zhang H, Holzgreve W & De Geyter C (2001) Bcl2-L-10, a novel anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, blocks apoptosis in the mitochondria death pathway but no in the death receptor pathway. Hum Mol Genet 10: 2329–2339.
Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K, Petkov V & Block LH (1999) A preliminary study of long-term treatment with interferon gamma-1b and low-dose prednisolone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 341: 1264–1269.