| Scots pine needle longevity and other shoot characteristics along pollution gradients | ||
|---|---|---|
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The annual emissions and deposition (Tables 1 and 2) were rather stable during the study period. In Oulu, the emissions of sulphur and sulphur deposition have decreased considerably from the 1980’s to the 1990’s.
Table 1. The annual SO2-, NO2- dust, Ni and Cu emissions (tons) in Monchegorsk 1991–96, Kostomuksha 1986–92, and Oulu 1991–96 and 1969–88 (Provincial State Office of Lapland 1992, Kryuchkov 1993, Baklanov and Rodjushkina 1993, Poikolainen and Lippo 1995, Lumme et al. 1997, Oulu City Council 1997, Karelkomizdata 1998, Miljaeva and Feschenko 1998).
| Emissions | SO2 | NO2 | Dust | Ni | Cu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monchegorsk | 200000–250000 | 1200–5100 | 12300–17400 | 3100–3150 | 2100–2200 |
| Kostomuksha | 50000–60000 | 1200–1500a | 5000b | ||
| Oulu (1969–88) | 5800–12060 | 5000–6000 | 2400–4040 | ||
| Oulu (1991–96) | 3400–4200 | 4200–4300 | 600–950 | ||
| a NOx in 1996–97 b Mainly iron | |||||
Table 2. The distance from the source and annual deposition (mg m– 2 a– 1) of SO4-S and NO3-N near Monchegorsk (1986–88), Kostomuksha (1992–94) and Oulu (mid 1990’s and early 1980’s) (Jevtjugina 1991, Poikolainen and Lippo 1995, Oulun kaupunki 1997).
| Deposition | distance (km) | SO4-S | NO3-N |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monchegorsk | 7 SW | 1700 | |
| Monchegorsk | 80 SE | 400 | |
| Kostomuksha | 10 E | 300 | 90–95 |
| Oulu (early 1980’s) | 3 NNE | 1000–1700 | 100–250 |
| Oulu (mid 1990’s) | 3 NNE | 150–400 | 100–150 |