References

Abeloff, MD, Rosen, ST, Luk, GD, Baylin, SB, Zeltzman, M & Sjoerdsma, A (1986). Phase II trials of alpha-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis, in advanced small cell lung cancer and colon cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 70(7), 843-845.

Abeloff, MD, Slavik, M, Luk, GD, Griffin, CA, Hermann, J, Blanc, O, Sjoerdsma, A & Baylin, SB (1984). Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic studies of alpha-difluoromethylornithine--an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. J Clin Oncol 2(2), 124-130.

Abrahamsen, MS, Li, RS, Dietrich-Goetz, W & Morris, DR (1992). Multiple DNA elements responsible for transcriptional regulation of the ornithine decarboxylase gene by protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 267(26), 18866-18873.

Ahmad, N, Gilliam, AC, Katiyar, SK, O"Brien, TG & Mukhtar, H (2001). A definitive role of ornithine decarboxylase in photocarcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 159, 885-891.

al-Asadi, R, Yi, EC & Merchant, JL (1995). Sp1 affinity for GC-rich elements correlates with ornithine decarboxylase promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 214(2), 324-330.

Alhonen, L, Halmekytö, M, Kosma, VM, Wahlfors, J, Kauppinen, R & Jänne, J (1995). Life-long over-expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene in transgenic mice does not lead to generally enhanced tumorigenesis or neuronal degeneration. Int J Cancer 63(3), 402-404.

Alhonen, L, Heikkinen, S, Sinervirta, R, Halmekytö, M, Alakuijala, P & Jänne, J (1996). Transgenic mice expressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter. Biochem J 314(Pt 2), 405-408.

Alhonen, L, Parkkinen, JJ, Keinänen, T, Sinervirta, R, Herzig, KH & Jänne, J (2000). Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(15), 8290-8295.

Alhonen, L, Pietilä, M, Halmekytö, M, Kramer, DL, Jänne, J & Porter, CW (1999). Transgenic mice with activated polyamine catabolism due to overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1- acetyltransferase show enhanced sensitivity to the polyamine analog, N1, N11- diethylnorspermine. Mol Pharmacol 55(4), 693-698.

Alhonen-Hongisto, L, Fagerström, R, Laine, R, Elo, H & Jänne, J (1984). Different efflux rates may determine the cellular accumulation of various bis(guanylhydrazones). Biochem J 221(1), 273-276.

Allen, JC, Smith, CJ, Hussain, JI, Thomas, JM & Gaugas, JM (1979). Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by polyamines requires ruminant-plasma polyamine oxidase. Eur J Biochem 102, 153-158.

Almrud, JJ, Oliveira, MA, Kern, AD, Grishin, NV, Phillips, MA & Hackert, ML (2000). Crystal structure of human ornithine decarboxylase at 2.1 A resolution: structural insights to antizyme binding. J Mol Biol 295(1), 7-16.

Anagnostopoulos, CG & Kyriakidis, DA (1996). Regulation of the Escherichia coli biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase activity by phosphorylation and nucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1297(2), 228-234.

Anderson, TR & Schanberg, SM (1972). Ornithine decarboxylase activity in developing rat brain. J Neurochem 19, 1471-1481.

Applebaum, DM, Dunlap, SC & Morris, DR (1977). Comparison of the biosynthetic and biodegradative ornithine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 16, 1580-1584.

Arbeit, JM, Riley, RR, Huey, B, Porter, C, Kelloff, G, Lubet, R, Ward, JM & Pinkel, D (1999). Difluoromethylornithine chemoprevention of epidermal carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Cancer Res 59(15), 3610-3620.

Atkinson, JE, Olson, JW, Altiere, RJ & Gillespie, MN (1987). Evidence that hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats is polyamine dependent. J Appl Physiol 62(4), 1562-1568.

Ausubel, FM, Brent, R, Kingston, RE, Moore, DD, Seidman, JG, Smith, JA & Struhl, K, Eds. (1993). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. USA: Current Protocols.

Autelli, R, Stjernborg, L, Khomutov, AR, Khomutov, RM & Persson, L (1991). Regulation of Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase in L1210 leukemia cells. Studies using an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme. Eur J Biochem 196(3), 551-556.

Auvinen, M, Laine, A, Paasinen-Sohns, A, Kangas, A, Kangas, L, Saksela, O, Andersson, LC & Hölttä, E (1997). Human ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing NIH3T3 cells induce rapidly growing, highly vascularized tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res 57(14), 3016-3025.

Auvinen, M, Paasinen, A, Andersson, LC & Hölttä, E (1992). Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 360(6402), 355-358.

Bai, G, Kasper, S, Matusik, RJ, Rennie, PS, Moshier, JA & Krongrad, A (1998). Androgen regulation of the human ornithine decarboxylase promoter in prostate cancer cells. J Androl 19(2), 127-135.

Balasundaram, D, Tabor, CW & Tabor, H (1991). Spermidine or spermine is essential for the aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88(13), 5872-5876.

Balasundaram, D, Tabor, CW & Tabor, H (1993). Oxygen toxicity in a polyamine-depleted spe2 delta mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(10), 4693-4697.

Bancroft, D, Williams, LD, Rich, A & Egli, M (1994). The low-temperature crystal structure of the pure-spermine form of Z-DNABiochemistry 33, 1073-1086.

Bannon, AW, Decker, MW, Holladay, MW, Curzon, P, Donnelly-Robets, D, Puttfarcken, PS, Bitner, RS, Diaz, A, Dickenson, AH, Porsolt, RD, Williams, M & Arneric, SP (1998). Broadspectrum, non-opioid analgesic activity by selective modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 279, 77-81.

Bartolome, J, Huguenard, J & Slotkin, TA (1980). Role of ornithine decarboxylase in cardiac growth and hypertrophy. Science 210, 793-794.

Baskaya, MK, Rao, AM, Donaldson, D, Prasad, MR & Dempsey, RJ (1997). Protective effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and edema formation in focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery 40(2), 364-370; discussion 370-371.

Basu, HS, Sturkenboom, MC, Delcros, JG, Csokan, PP, Szollosi, J, Feuerstein, BG & Marton, LJ (1992). Effect of polyamine depletion on chromatin structure in U-87 MG human brain tumour cells. Biochem J 282(Pt 3), 723-727.

Bauer, PM, Buga, GM & Ignarro, LJ (2001). Role of p42/p44 mitogen-activated-protein kinase and p21waf1/cip1 in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98(22), 12802-12807.

Baukrowitz, T, Tucker, SJ, Schulte, U, Benndorf, K, Ruppersberg, JP & Fakler, B (1999). Inward rectification in KATP channels: a pH switch in the pore. Embo J 18(4), 847-853.

Baydoun, AR & Morgan, DM (1998). Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase potentiates nitric oxide production in LPS-activated J774 cells. Br J Pharmacol 125(7), 1511-1516.

Bello-Fernandez, C, Packham, G & Cleveland, JL (1993). The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(16), 7804-7808.

Berard, J, Gaboury, L, Landers, M, De Repentigny, Y, Houle, B, Kothary, R & Bradley, WEC (1994). Hyperplasia and tumour in lung, breast and other tissues in mice carrying a RAR beta 4- like transgene. EMBO J 13, 5570-5580.

Berger, FG & Porter, CW (1986). Putrescine does not mediate the androgen-response in mouse kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138(2), 771-777.

Berger, FG, Szymanski, P, Read, E & Watson, G (1984). Androgen-regulated ornithine decarboxylase mRNAs of mouse kidney. J Biol Chem 259(12), 7941-7946.

Bernacki, RJ, Oberman, EJ, Seweryniak, KE, Atwood, A, Bergeron, RJ & Porter, CW (1995). Preclinical antitumor efficacy of the polyamine analogue N1, N11-diethylnorspermine administered by multiple injection or continuous infusion. Clin Cancer Res 1(8), 847-857.

Bernstein, HG & Müller, M (1995). Increased immunostaining for L-ornithine decarboxylase occurs in neocortical neurons of Alzheimer"s disease patients. Neurosci Lett 186(2-3), 123-126.

Bernstein, HG & Müller, M (1999). The cellular localization of the L-ornithine decarboxylase/polyamine system in normal and diseased central nervous systems. Prog Neurobiol 57(5), 485-505.

Bettuzzi, S, Davalli, P, Astancolle, S, Pinna, C, Roncaglia, R, Boraldi, F, Tiozzo, R, Sharrard, M & Corti, A (1999). Coordinate changes of polyamine metabolism regulatory proteins during the cell cycle of normal human dermal fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 446(1), 18-22.

Bey, P, Danzin, C, van Dorsselaer, V, Mamont, P, Jung, M & Tardif, C (1978). Analogues of ornithine as inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. New deductions concerning the topography of the enzyme"s active site. J Med Chem 21, 50-55.

Bianchi, L, Roy, ML, Taglialatela, M, Lundgren, DW, Brown, AM & Ficker, E (1996). Regulation by spermine of native inward rectifier K+ channels in RBL-1 cells. J Biol Chem 271(11), 6114- 6121.

Bickers, DR & Athar, M (2001). Novel approaches to chemoprevention of skin cancer. J Dermatol 27, 691-695.

Biedermann, B, Skatchkov, SN, Brunk, I, Bringmann, A, Pannicke, T, Bernstein, HG, Faude, F, Germer, A, Veh, R & Reichenbach, A (1998). Spermine/spermidine is expressed by retinal glial (Müller) cells and controls distinct K+ channels of their membrane. Glia 23(3), 209-220.

Bixel, MG, Weise, C, Bolognesi, ML, Rosini, M, Brierly, MJ, Mellor, IR, Usherwood, PN, Melchiorre, C & Hucho, F (2001). Location of the polyamine binding site in the vestibule of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel. J Biol Chem 276(9), 6151-6160.

Black, AR, Black, J & Azizkhan-Clifford, J (2001). Sp1 and Krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J Cell Physiol 188, 143-160.

Blackshear, PJ, Nemenoff, RA, Hovis, JG, Halsey, DL, Stumpo, DJ & Huang, JK (1987). Insulin action in normal and protein kinase C-deficient rat hepatoma cells. Effects on protein phosphorylation, protein kinase activities, and ornithine decarboxylase activities and messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Mol Endocrinol 1(1), 44-52.

Bliss, TVP & Collingridge, GL (1993). A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361, 31-39.

Bogle, RG, Mann, GE, Pearson, JD & Morgan, DM (1994). Endothelial polyamine uptake: selective stimulation by L-arginine deprivation or polyamine depletion. Am J Physiol 266(3 Pt 1), C776-783.

Bouchard, L, Lamarre, L, Tremblay, PJ & Jolicoeur, P (1989). Stochastic appearance of mammary tumors in transgenic mice carrying the MMTV/c-neu oncogene. Cell 57, 931-936.

Brabant, M, McConlogue, L, van Daalen Wetters, T & Coffino, P (1988). Mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85(7), 2200- 2204.

Brachet, P, Debbabi, H & Tome, D (1995). Transport and steady-state accumulation of putrescine in brush-border membrane vesicles of rabbit small intestine. Am J Physiol 269, G754-762.

Brunton, VG, Grant, MH & Wallace, HM (1991). Mechanisms of spermine toxicity in babyhamster kidney (BHK) cells. The role of amine oxidases and oxidative stress. Biochem J 280(Pt 1), 193-198.

Byers, TL, Kameji, R, Rannels, DE & Pegg, AE (1987). Multiple pathways for uptake of paraquat, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), and polyamines. Am J Physiol 252, C663-669.

Byers, TL, Wechter, RS, Hu, RH & Pegg, AE (1994). Effects of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor, 5"-([(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino)-5"-deoxyadenosine, on cell growth and polyamine metabolism and transport in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Biochem J 303(Pt 1), 89-96.

Calderera, CM, Orlandini, G, Casti, A & Moruzzi, G (1974). Polyamine and nucleic acid metabolism in myocardial hypertrophy of the overloaded heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 6, 95-103.

Canellakis, ES, Paterakis, AA, Huang, SC, Panagiotidis, CA & Kyriakidis, DA (1993). Identification, cloning, and nucleotide sequencing of the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme gene of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(15), 7129-7133.

Carbone, PP, Pirsch, JD, Thomas, JP, Douglas, JA, Verma, AK, Larson, PO, Snow, S, Tutsch, KD & D, P (2001). Phase I chemoprevention study of difluoromethylornithine in subjects with organ transplants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 5, 371-374.

Casero, RA, Jr. & Pegg, AE (1993). Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase--the turning point in polyamine metabolism. Faseb J 7(8), 653-661.

Casero, RA, Jr. & Woster, PM (2001). Terminally alkylated polyamine analogues as chemotherapeutic agents. J Med Chem 44(1), 1-26.

Chabanon, H, Persson, L, Wallace, HM, Ferrara, M & Brachet, P (2000). Increased translation efficiency and antizyme-dependentstabilization of ornithine decarboxylase in amino acidsupplemented human colon adenocarcinoma cells, caco-2. Biochem J 348 Pt 2, 401-408.

Chang, BK, Bergeron, RJ, Porter, CW, Vinson, JR, Liang, Y & Libby, PR (1992). Regulatory and antiproliferative effects of N-alkylated polyamine analogues in human and hamster pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 30(3), 183-188.

Chen, CY & Shyu, AB (1995). AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 20, 465-470.

Chen, ZP & Chen, KY (1991). Differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma variant cell line whose ornithine decarboxylase gene has been amplified. Biochim Biophys Acta 1133(1), 1-8.

Chen, ZP & Chen, KY (1992). Mechanism of regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by asparagine in a variant mouse neuroblastoma cell line. J Biol Chem 267(10), 6946-6951.

Chen, ZP & Chen, KY (1997). Marked elevation of hypusine formation activity on eukaryotic initiation factor 5A in v-HA-RAS transformed mouse NIH3T3 cells. Cancer Lett 115(2), 235- 241.

Chen, ZP, Yan, YP, Ding, QJ, Knapp, S, Potenza, JA, Schugar, HJ & Chen, KY (1996). Effects of inhibitors of deoxyhypusine synthase on the differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma and erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Lett 105(2), 233-239.

Chomczynski, P & Sacchi, N (1987). Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiosyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem 162, 156-159.

Clifford, A, Morgan, D, Yuspa, SH, Soler, AP & Gilmour, S (1995). Role of ornithine decarboxylase in epidermal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 55(8), 1680-1686.

Coffino, P (2000). Polyamines in spermiogenesis: not now, darling. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97, 4421- 4423.

Coffino, P (2001a). Antizyme, a mediator of ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. Biochimie 83(3-4), 319-323.

Coffino, P (2001b). Regulation of cellular polyamines by antizyme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2(3), 188-194.

Coffino, P & Chen, EL (1988). Nucleotide sequence of the mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 16(6), 2731-2732.

Coleman, C & Pegg, AE (2001). Polyamine analogues inhibit the ubiquitination of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase and prevent its targeting to the proteasome for degradation. Biochem J 358, 137-145.

Coleman, CS, Stanley, BA & Pegg, AE (1993). Effect of mutations at active site residues on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase and its inhibition by active site-directed irreversible inhibitors. J Biol Chem 268(33), 24572-24579.

Coulombe, B (1999). DNA wrapping in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase IIBiochem Cell Biol 77, 257-264.

Cox, DR, Trouillot, T, Ashley, PL, Brabant, M & Coffino, P (1988). A functional mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene (Odc) maps to chromosome 12: further evidence of homoeology between mouse chromosome 12 and the short arm of human chromosome 2. Cytogenet Cell Genet 48(2), 92-94.

Creaven, PJ, Perez, R, Pendyala, L, Meropol, NJ, Loewen, G, Levine, E, Berghorn, E & Raghavan, D (1997). Unusual central nervous system toxicity in a phase I study of N1N11 diethylnorspermine in patients with advanced malignancy. Invest New Drugs 15(3), 227-234.

Davidson, NE, Mank, AR, Prestigiacomo, LJ, Bergeron, RJ & Casero, RA, Jr. (1993). Growth inhibition of hormone-responsive and -resistant human breast cancer cells in culture by N1, N12-bis(ethyl)spermine. Cancer Res 53(9), 2071-2075.

Davis, RH, Morris, DR & Coffino, P (1992). Sequestered end products and enzyme regulation: the case of ornithine decarboxylase. Microbiol Rev 56(2), 280-290.

de Vos, AM, Tong, L, Milburn, MV, Matias, PM, Jancarik, J, Noguchi, S, Nishimura, S, Miura, K, Ohtsuka, E & Kim, S.-H (1988). Three-dimensional structure of an oncogene protein: Catalytic domain of human c-H-ras p21. Science 239, 888-893.

DeLeo, FR, Nauseef, WM, Jesaitis, AJ, Burritt, JB, Clark, RA & Quinn, MT (1995). A domain of p47phox that interacts with human neutrophil flavocytochrome b558. J Biol Chem 270, 26246- 26251.

Deng, AY, Gu, L, Rapp, JP, Szpirer, C & Szpirer, J (1994). Chromosomal assignment of 11 loci in the rat by mouse-rat somatic hybrids and linkage. Mamm Genome 5(11), 712-716.

Deng, H, Bloomfield, VA, Benevides, JM & Thomas, GJ, Jr. (2000). Structural basis of polyamine-DNA recognition: spermidine and spermine interactions with genomic B-DNAs of different GC content probed by Raman spectroscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 28(17), 3379-3385.

Desiderio, MA, Dansi, P, Tacchini, L & Bernelli-Zazzera, A (1999). Influence of polyamines on DNA binding of heat shock and activator protein 1 transcription factors induced by heat shock. FEBS Lett 455(1-2), 149-153.

Desiderio, MA, Grassilli, E, Bellesia, E, Salomoni, P & Franceschi, C (1995). Involvement of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of rat thymocytes. Cell Growth Differ 6(5), 505-513.

Dissmann, E, Wischmeyer, E, Spauschus, A, Pfeil, D, Karschin, C & Karschin, A (1996). Functional expression and cellular mRNA localization of a G protein-activated K+ inward rectifier isolated from rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 223, 474-479.

Dogan, A, Rao, AM, Baskaya, MK, Hatcher, J, Temiz, C, Rao, VL & Dempsey, RJ (1999a). Contribution of polyamine oxidase to brain injury after trauma. J Neurosurg 90(6), 1078-1082.

Dogan, A, Rao, AM, Hatcher, J, Rao, VL, Baskaya, MK & Dempsey, RJ (1999b). Effects of MDL 72527, a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, on brain edema, ischemic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels in rats after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurochem 72(2), 765-770.

Donato, NJ, Rotbein, J & Rosenblum, MG (1991). Tumor necrosis factor stimulates ornithine decarboxylase activity in human fibroblasts and tumor target cells. J Cell Biochem 46(1), 69-77.

Donevan, SD & Rogawski, MA (1995). Intracellular polyamines mediate inward rectification of Ca(2+)-permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 9298.

Erwin, BG, Persson, L & Pegg, AE (1984). Differential inhibition of histone and polyamine acetylases by multisubstrate analogues. Biochemistry 23, 4250-4255.

Fakler, B, Bond, CT, Adelman, JP & Ruppersberg, JP (1996). Heterooligomeric assembly of inward-rectifier K+ channels from subunits of different subfamilies: Kir2.1 (IRK1) and Kir4.1 (BIR10). Pflügers Arch 433, 77-83.

Fakler, B, Brandle, U, Bond, C, Glowatzki, E, Koenig, C, Adelman, J, Zenner, H.-P & Ruppersberg, JP (1994). A structural determinant of differential sensitivity of cloned inwardrectifier K+ channels to intracellular spermine. FEBS Lett 356, 199-203.

Fakler, B, Brändle, U, Glowatzki, E, Weidemann, S, Zenner, H.-P & Ruppersberg, JP (1995). Strong voltage-dependent inward rectification of inward rectifier K+ channels in caused by intracellular spermine. Cell 80, 149-154.

Feinstein, SC, Dana, SL, McConlogue, L, Shooter, EM & Coffino, P (1985). Nerve growth factor rapidly induces ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82(17), 5761-5765.

Feith, DJ, Shantz, LM & Pegg, AE (2001). Targeted antizyme expression in the skin of transgenic mice reduces tumor promotor induction of ornithine decarboxylase and decreases sensitivity to chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61, 6073-6081.

Felschow, DM, MacDiarmid, J, Bardos, T, Wu, R, Woster, PM & Porter, CW (1995). Photoaffinity labeling of a cell surface polyamine binding protein. J Biol Chem 270(48), 28705-28711.

Felschow, DM, Mi, Z, Stanek, J, Frei, J & Porter, CW (1997). Selective labelling of cell-surface polyamine-binding proteins on leukaemic and solid-tumour cell types using a new polyamine photoprobe. Biochem J 328(Pt 3), 889-895.

Feuerstein, BG, Pattabiraman, N & J, ML (1990). Molecular mechanics of the interaction of spermine with DNA: DNA bending as a result of ligand binding. Nucleic Acids Res 1271-1282.

Feuerstein, BG, Pattabiraman, N & marton, LJ (1986). Spermien-DNA interactions: a theoretical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci 83, 5948-5952.

Feuerstein, BG, Pattabiraman, N & Marton, LJ (1989). Molecular dynamics of spermine-DNA interactions: sequence specificity and DNA bending for a simple ligand. Nucleic Acids Res 17(17), 6883-6892.

Feuerstein, BG, Williams, LD, Basu, HS & Marton, LJ (1991). Implications and concepts of polyamine-nucleic acid interactions. J Cell Biochem 46(1), 37-47.

Ficker, E, Tagliatela, M, Wible, BA, Henley, CM & Brown, AM (1994). Spermine and spermidine as gating molecules for inward rectifier K+ channels. Science 266, 1068-1072.

Fitzgerald, MC & Flanagan, MA (1989). Characterization and sequence analysis of the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Dna 8(9), 623-634.

Flamigni, F, Facchini, A, Giordano, E, Tantini, B & Stefanelli, C (2001). Signaling pathways leading to the induction of ornithine decarboxylase: opposite effects of p44/42 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 61(1), 25-32.

Fogel-Petrovic, M, Vujcic, S, Miller, J & Porter, CW (1996). Differential post-transcriptional control of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine-spermine N1-acetyltransferase by polyamines. FEBS Lett 391(1-2), 89-94.

Fong, WF, Heller, JS & Canellakis, ES (1976). The appearance of an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitory protein upon addition of putrescine to cell cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta 428, 456- 465.

Fredlund, JO & Oredsson, SM (1996a). Impairment of DNA replication within one cell cycle after seeding of cells in the presence of a polyamine-biosynthesis inhibitor. Eur J Biochem 237(3), 539-544.

Fredlund, JO & Oredsson, SM (1996b). Normal G1/S transition and prolonged S phase within one cell cycle after seeding cells in the presence of an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor. Cell Prolif 29(8), 457-466.

Fujita, K, Murakami, Y & Hayashi, S (1982). A macromolecular inhibitor of the antizyme to ornithine decarboxylase. Biochem J 204, 647-652.

Fukumoto, GH & Byus, CV (1996). A kinetic characterization of putrescine and spermidine uptake and export in human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1282(1), 48-56.

Gabrielson, EW, Pegg, AE & Casero, RA, Jr. (1999). The induction of spermidine/spermine N1- acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a common event in the response of human primary non-small cell lung carcinomas to exposure to the new antitumor polyamine analogue N1,N11- bis(ethyl)norspermine. Clin Cancer Res 5(7), 1638-1641.

Gahl, WA & Pitot, HC (1979). Putrescine-oxidase activity in adult bovine seum and fetal bovine serum. In Vitro 15, 252-257.

Gerner, EW & Mamont, PS (1986). Restoration of the polyamine contents in rat hepatoma tissueculture cells after inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. Relationship with cell proliferation. Eur J Biochem 156(1), 31-35.

Geyer, M & Wittinghofer, A (1997). GEFs, GAPs, GDIs and effectors: taking a closer (3D) look at the regulation of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 7, 786-792.

Ghoda, L, Sidney, D, Macrae, M & Coffino, P (1992). Structural elements of ornithine decarboxylase required for intracellular degradation and polyamine-dependent regulation. Mol Cell Biol 12(5), 2178-2185.

Gilad, GM & Gilad, VH (1991). Polyamines can protect against ischemia-induced nerve cell death in gerbil forebrain. Exp Neurol 111(3), 349-355.

Gilad, GM & Gilad, VH (1996). Brain polyamine stress response: recurrence after repetitive stressor and inhibition by lithium. J Neurochem 67(5), 1992-1996.

Gilmour, SK, Avdalovic, N, Madara, T & O"Brien, TG (1985). Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in hamster fibroblasts. Relationship between levels of enzyme activity, immunoreactive protein, and RNA during the induction process. J Biol Chem 260(30), 16439-16444.

Gingras, A.-C, Raught, B & Sonenberg, N (1999). eIF4 initiation factors: effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation. Annu Rev Biochem 68, 913-963.

Glass, JR & Gerner, EW (1986). Polyamine-mediated turnover of ornithine decarboxylase in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. Biochem J 236(2), 351-357.

Glowinski, J & Iversen, LL (1966). Regional studies of catecholamines in the rat brain I: the disposition of (3H)norepinephrine, (3H)dopamine and (3H)DOPA in various regions of the brain. J Neurochem 13, 655-669.

Gosule, LC & Schellman, JA (1976). Compact form of DNA induced by spermidine. Nature 259, 333-335.

Grassilli, E, Bettuzzi, S, Monti, D, Ingletti, MC, Franceschi, C & Corti, A (1991). Studies on the relationship between cell proliferation and cell death: opposite patterns of SGP-2 and ornithine decarboxylase mRNA accumulation in PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 180(1), 59-63.

Gray, NK & Henze, M (1994). Regulation of protein sythesis by mRNA structure. Mol Biol Rep 19, 195-200.

Greenberg, ME, Greene, LA & Ziff, EB (1985). Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor induce rapid transient changes in proto-oncogene transcription in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 260(26), 14101-14110.

Grens, A & Scheffler, IE (1990). The 5"- and 3"-untranslated regions of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA affect the translational efficiency. J Biol Chem 265 (20), 11810-11816.

Grens, A, Steglich, C, Pilz, R & Scheffler, IE (1989). Nucleotide sequence of the Chinese hamster ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 17(24), 10497.

Gritli-Linde, A, Nilsson, J, Bohlooly, YM, Heby, O & Linde, A (2001). Nuclear translocation of antizyme and expression of ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme are developmentally regulated. Dev Dyn 220(3), 259-275.

Gruendler, C, Lin, Y, Farley, J & Wang, T (2001). Proteasomal degradation of Smad1 induced by bone morphogenetic proteins. J Biol Chem 276(49), 46533-46543.

Guan, X.-Y, Sham, JST, Tang, TC.-M, Fang, Y, Huo, K.-K & Yang, J.-M (2001). Isolation of a novel candidate oncogene within a frequently amplified region at 3q26 in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 61, 3806-3809.

Ha, HC, Woster, PM, Yager, JD & Casero, RA, Jr. (1997). The role of polyamine catabolism in polyamine analogue-induced programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(21), 11557- 11562.

Haghighi, AP & Cooper, E (1998). Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are blocked by intracellular spermine in a voltage-dependent manner. J Neurosci 18(11), 4050-4062.

Haghighi, AP & Cooper, E (2000). A molecular link between inward rectification and calcium permeability of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine α3β 4 and α4β 2 receptors. J Neurosci 20, 529- 541.

Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L, Alakuijala, L & Jänne, J (1993). Transgenic mice over-producing putrescine in their tissues do not convert the diamine into higher polyamines. Biochem J 291(Pt 2), 505-508.

Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L, Wahlfors, J, Sinervirta, R, Eloranta, T & Jänne, J (1991a). Characterization of a transgenic mouse line over-expressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Biochem J 278(Pt 3), 895-898.

Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L, Wahlfors, J, Sinervirta, R, Jänne, OA & Jänne, J (1991b). Positionindependent, aberrant expression of the human ornithine decarboxylase gene in transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 180(1), 262-267.

Halmekytö, M, Hyttinen, JM, Sinervirta, R, Utriainen, M, Myöhänen, S, Voipio, HM, Wahlfors, J, Syrjänen, S, Syrjänen, K, Alhonen, L & et al. (1991c). Transgenic mice aberrantly expressing human ornithine decarboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 266(29), 19746-19751.

Halmekytö, M, Syrjänen, K, Jänne, J & Alhonen, L (1992). Enhanced papilloma formation in response to skin tumor promotion in transgenic mice overexpressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187(1), 493-497.

Halonen, T, Sivenius, J, Miettinen, R, Halmekytö, M, Kauppinen, R, Sinervirta, R, Alakuijala, L, Alhonen, L, MacDonald, E, Jänne, J & et al. (1993). Elevated seizure threshold and impaired spatial learning in transgenic mice with putrescine overproduction in the brain. Eur J Neurosci 5(9), 1233-1239.

Hamasaki-Katagiri, N, Katagiri, Y, Tabor, CW & Tabor, H (1998). Spermine is not essential for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification of the SPE4 gene (spermine synthase) and characterization of a spe4 deletion mutant. Gene 210(2), 195-201.

Hannonen, P, Räinä, A & Jänne, J (1972). Polyamine synthesis in the regenerating rat liver: stimulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine and spermine synthases after partial hepatectomy. Biochim Biophys Acta 273, 84-90.

Harada, J & Sugimoto, M (1997). Polyamines prevent apoptotic cell death in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 753, 251-259.

Harari, PM, Fuller, DJ, Carper, SW, Croghan, MK, Meyskens, FL, Jr., Shimm, DS & Gerner, EW (1990). Polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors combined with systemic hyperthermia in cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19(1), 89-96.

Hasan, R, Alam, MK & Ali, R (1995). Polyamine induced Z-conformation of native calf thymus DNAFEBS Lett 368(1), 27-30.

Hayashi, S (1995). Antizyme-dependent degradation of ornithine decarboxylase. Essays Biochem 30, 37-47.

Hayashi, S, Murakami, Y & Matsufuji, S (1996). Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme: a novel type of regulatory protein. Trends Biochem Sci 21(1), 27-30.

Hayashi, T, Matsufuji, S & Hayashi, S (1997). Characterization of the human antizyme gene. Gene 203(2), 131-139.

Hayashi, Y, Hattori, Y, Moriwaki, A, Lu, YF & Hori, Y (1993). Increases in brain polyamine concentrations in chemical kindling and single convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol in rats. Neurosci Lett 149(1), 63-66.

He, Y, Kashiwagi, K, Fukuchi, J, Terao, K, Shirahata, A & Igarashi, K (1993). Correlation between the inhibition of cell growth by accumulated polyamines and the decrease of magnesium and ATPEur J Biochem 217(1), 89-96.

He, Y, Suzuki, T, Kashiwagi, K & Igarashi, K (1994). Antizyme delays the restoration by spermine of growth of polyamine-deficient cells through its negative regulation of polyamine transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 203(1), 608-614.

Heffner, JE, Ali, R & Jeevanandam, M (1995). Urinary excretion of polyamines in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Exp Lung Res 21(2), 275-286.

Hegardt, C, Andersson, G & Oredsson, SM (2000). Changes in polyamine metabolism during glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death in mouse thymus. Cell Biol Int 24(12), 871-880.

Heiskala, M, Zhang, J, Hayashi, S, Hölttä, E & Andersson, LC (1999). Translocation of ornithine decarboxylase to the surface membrane during cell activation and transformation. Embo J 18(5), 1214-1222.

Heljasvaara, R, Veress, I, Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L, Jänne, J, Laajala, P & Pajunen, A (1997). Transgenic mice overexpressing ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases maintain a physiological polyamine homoeostasis in their tissues. Biochem J 323(Pt 2), 457-462.

Heller, JS, Fong, WF & Canellakis, ES (1976). Induction of a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase by the end products of its reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci 73, 1858-1862.

Henley, CM, Wey, K, Takashima, A, Mills, C, Granmayeh, E, Krishnappa, I & Robertson, CS (1997). S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity is decreased in the rat cortex after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 69(1), 259-265.

Herbert, A & Rich, A (1999). Left-handed Z-DNA: structure and function. Genetica 106, 37-47. Herr, HW, Warrel, RP & Burchenal, JH (1986). Phase I trial of alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) in patients with advanced prostatic cancer. Urology 28(6), 508-511.

Hershko, A & Ciechanover, A (1998). The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem 67, 425-479.

Hibino, H, Horio, Y, Fujita, A, Inanobe, A, Doi, K, Gotow, T, Uchiyama, Y, Kubo, T & Kurachi, Y (1999). Expression of an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, Kir4.1, in satellite cells of rat cochlear ganglia. Am J Physiol 277, C638-644.

Hibshoosh, H, Johnson, M & Weinstein, IB (1991). Effects of overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) on growth control and oncogene-induced cell transformation. Oncogene 6(5), 739-743.

Hickok, NJ, Seppänen, PJ, Gunsalus, GL & Jänne, OA (1987). Complete amino acid sequence of human ornithine decarboxylase deduced from complementary DNADna 6(3), 179-187.

Hickok, NJ, Wahlfors, J, Crozat, A, Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L, Jänne, J & Jänne, OA (1990). Human ornithine decarboxylase-encoding loci: nucleotide sequence of the expressed gene and characterization of a pseudogene. Gene 93(2), 257-263.

Hietala, O, Dzubow, L, Dlugosz, AA, Pyle, JA, Jenney, F, Gilmour, SK & O"Brien, TG (1988). Activation of human squamous cell carcinoma ornithine decarboxylase activity by guanosine triphosphate. Cancer Res 48(5), 1252-1257.

Hietala, OA, Yum, KY, Pilon, J, O"Donnell, K, Holroyde, CP, Kline, I, Reichard, GA, Litwin, S, Gilmour, SK & O"Brien, TG (1990). Properties of ornithine decarboxylase in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 50(7), 2088-2094.

Hill, JR & Morris, DR (1992). Cell-specific translation of S-adenosylömethionine decarboxylase mRNARegulation by the 5" transcript leader. J Biol Chem 267, 21886-21893.

Hill, JR & Morris, DR (1993). Cell-specific translational regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNADependence on translation and coding capacity of this cis-acting upstream open reading frame. J Biol Chem 268, 726-731.

Hiramatsu, K, Sugimoto, M, Kamei, S, Hoshino, M, Kinoshita, K, Iwasaki, K & Kawakita, M (1995). Determination of amounts of polyamines excreted in urine: demonstration of N1,N8- diacetylspermidine and N1,N12-diacetylspermine as components commonly occurring in normal human urine. J Biochem (Tokyo) 117(1), 107-112.

Hoet, PH & Nemery, B (2000). Polyamines in the lung: polyamine uptake and polyamine-linked pathological or toxicological conditions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278(3), L417- 433.

Hogan, B, Constantini, F & Lacey, E (1986). Manipulating the Mouse embryo: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor laboratory press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Horio, Y, Morishige, K, Takahashi, N & Kurachi, Y (1996). Differential distribution of classical inwardly rectifying channel mRNAs in the brain: comparison of IRK2 with IRK1 and IRK3. FEBS Lett 379, 239-243.

Hougaard, DM, Fujiwara, K & Larsson, LI (1987). Immunocytochemical localization of polyamines in normal and neoplastic cells. Comparisons to the formaldehyde-fluorescamine and o-phthalaldehyde methods. Histochem J 19(12), 643-650.

Hsieh, JT, Denning, MF, Heidel, SM & Verma, AK (1990). Expression of human chromosome 2 ornithine decarboxylase gene in ornithine decarboxylase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res 50(8), 2239-2244.

Hsieh, JT & Verma, AK (1989). Lack of a role of DNA methylation in tumor promoter 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate-induced synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNA in T24 cells. Cancer Res 49(15), 4251-4257.

Huang, CJ & Moczydlowski, E (2001). Cytoplasmic polyamines as permeant blockers and modulators of the voltage-gated sodium channel. Biophys J 80(3), 1262-1279.

Huang, JH & Kleinberg, ME (1999). Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase protein p47phox. J Biol Chem 274, 19731-19737.

Hyltander, A, Lind, AK, Yoshikawa, T, Sandström, R & Lundholm, K (1998). Increased urinary polyamine excretion in unselected cancer patients related to host factors. Acta Oncol 37(1), 91- 96.

Hyvönen, T, Seiler, N & Persson, L (1994). Characterization of a COS cell line deficient in polyamine transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 1221(3), 279-285.

Hölttä, E, Jänne, J & Pispa, J (1972) Ornithine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli: stimulation of the enzyme activity by nucleotides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 47: 1165-1171.

Hölttä, E & Hovi, T (1985). Polyamine depletion results in impairment of polyribosome formation and protein synthesis before onset of DNA synthesis in mitogen-activated human lymphocytes. Eur J Biochem 152(1), 229-237.

Hölttä, E & Pohjanpelto, P (1986). Control of ornithine decarboxylase in Chinese hamster ovary cells by polyamines. Translational inhibition of synthesis and acceleration of degradation of the enzyme by putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. J Biol Chem 261 (20), 9502-9508.

Hölttä, E, Sistonen, L & Alitalo, K (1988). The mechanisms of ornithine decarboxylase deregulation in c-Ha-ras oncogene-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 263(9), 4500-4507.

Ichiba, T, Matsufuji, S, Miyazaki, Y, Murakami, Y, Tanaka, K, Ichihara, A & Hayashi, S (1994). Functional regions of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200(3), 1721-1727.

Ichikawa, M, Maeda, T & Handa, J (1997). Ornithine decarboxylase in developing brain of normal and hydrocephalic rats. Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Childs Nerv Syst 13(11- 12), 578-583.

Ichikawa, M, Maeda, T & Handa, J (1998). Ornithine decarboxylase in developing brain of hydrocephalic rats. Effects of shunt operation. Childs Nerv Syst 14(1-2), 21-25.

Igarashi, K & Kashiwagi, K (2000). Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 271(3), 559-564.

Ignarro, LJ, Buga, GM, Wei, LH, Bauer, PM, Wu, G & del Soldato, P (2001). Role of the argininenitric oxide pathway in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(7), 4202-4208.

Ino, H & Chiba, T (2001) Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin D1 are required for excitoxininduced neuronal cell death in vivo. J Neurosci 21, 6086-6094.

Isomaa, VV, Pajunen, AEI, Bardin, CW & Jänne, OA (1983). Ornithine decarboxylase in mouse kidney. J Biol Chem 258, 13036-13041.

Ito, K, Kashiwagi, K, Watanabe, S, Kameji, T, Hayashi, S & Igarashi, K (1990). Influence of the 5"- untranslated region of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA and spermidine on ornithine decarboxylase synthesis. J Biol Chem 265(22), 13036-13041.

Itoh, S, Itoh, F, Goumans, MJ & Ten Dijke, P (2000). Signaling of transforming growth factor-beta family members through Smad proteins. Eur J Biochem 267, 6954-6967.

Ivanov, IP, Gesteland, RF & Atkins, JF (1998a). Does antizyme exist in Escherichia coli? Mol Microbiol 29, 1521-1522.

Ivanov, IP, Gesteland, RF & Atkins, JF (1998b). A second mammalian antizyme: conservation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting. Genomics 52(2), 119-129.

Ivanov, IP, Gesteland, RF & Atkins, JF (2000a). Antizyme expression: a subversion of triplet decoding, which is remarkably conserved by evolution, is a sensor for an autoregulatory circuit. Nucleic Acids Res 28(17), 3185-3196.

Ivanov, IP, Matsufuji, S, Murakami, Y, Gesteland, RF & Atkins, JF (2000b). Conservation of polyamine regulation by translational frameshifting from yeast to mammals. Embo J 19(8), 1907-1917.

Ivanov, IP, Rohrwasser, A, Terreros, DA, Gesteland, RF & Atkins, JF (2000c). Discovery of a spermatogenesis stage-specific ornithine decarboxylase antizyme: antizyme 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(9), 4808-4813.

Iyengar, RV, Pawlik, CA, Krull, EJ, Phelps, DA, Burger, RA, Harris, LC, Potter, PM & Danks, MK (2001). Use of a modified ornithine decarboxylase promoter to achieve efficient c-MYC- or NMYC- regulated protein expression. Cancer Res 61(7), 3045-3052.

Jackson, LK, Brooks, HB, Osterman, AL, Goldsmith, EJ & Phillips, MA (2000). Altering the reaction specificity of eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase. Biochemistry 39(37), 11247-11257.

Jain, S, Zon, G & Sundaralingam, M (1989). Base only binding of spermine in the deep groove of the A-DNA octamer d(GTGTACAC). Biochemistry 28, 2360-2364.

Jansonius, JN (1998). Structure, evolution and action of vitamin B6-dependent enzymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 8, 759-769.

Jenkins, ZA, Haag, PG & Johansson, HE (2001). Human eIF5A2 on chromosome 3q25-q27 is a phylogenetically conserved vertebrate variant of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A with tissue-specific expression. Genomics 71(1), 101-109.

Jinnah, HA, Page, T & Friedmann, T (1993). Brain purines in a genetic mouse model of Lesch- Nyhan disease. J Neurochem 60, 2036-2045.

Johnson, TD (1998). Polyamines and cerebral ischemia. Prog Drug Res 50, 193-258.

Jordan, S, Lidhar, K, Korbonits, M, Lowe, DG & Grossman, AB (2000). Cyclin D and cyclin E expression in normal and adenomatous pituitary. Eur J Endocrinol 143, R1-R6.

Jung, MH, Kim, SC, Jeon, GA, Kim, SH, Kim, Y, Choi, KS, Park, SI, Joe, MK & Kimm, K (2000). Identification of differentially expressed genes in normal and tumor human gastric tissue. Genomics 69(3), 281-286.

Junttila, T, Rechardt, L, Hietala, OA & Pelto-Huikko, M (1995). The expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme mRNA and protein in rat motoneurons. Neurosci Lett 197(3), 187-190.

Jänne, J & Williams-Ashman, HG (1971). On the purification of L-ornithine decarboxylase from rat prostate and effects of thiol compounds in the enzyme. J Biol Chem 246, 1725-1732.

Jänne, OA, Crozat, A, Palvimo, J & Eisenberg, LM (1991). Androgen-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase genes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40(1-3), 307-315.

Kaasinen, K, Koistinaho, J, Alhonen, L & Jänne, J (2000). Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase in transgenic mice protects the animals from kainate-induced toxicity. Eur J Neurosci 12(2), 540-548.

Kallio, A, Löfman, M, Pösö, H & Jänne, J (1979). Diamine-induced inhibition of liver ornithine decarboxylase. Biochem J 177, 63-69.

Kamboj, SK, Swanson, GT & G, C.-CS (1995). Intracellular spermine confers rectification on rat calcium-permeable AMPA and kainate receptors. J Physiol 15, 297-303.

Kameji, T, Hayashi, S, Hoshino, K, Kakinuma, Y & Igarashi, K (1993). Multiple regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in enzyme-overproducing cells. Biochem J 289(Pt 2), 581-586.

Kameji, T & Pegg, AE (1987a). Effect of putrescine on the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Biochem J 243, 285-288.

Kameji, T & Pegg, AE (1987b). Inhibition of translation of mRNAs for ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by polyamines. J Biol Chem 262(6), 2427-2430.

Kanamoto, R, Boyle, SM, Oka, T & Hayashi, S (1987). Molecular mechanisms of the synergistic induction of ornithine decarboxylase by asparagine and glucagon in primary cultured hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 262(30), 14801-14805.

Kanamoto, R, Kameji, T, Iwashita, S, Igarashi, K & Hayashi, S (1993). Spermidine-induced destabilization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is mediated by accumulation of antizyme in ODC-overproducing variant cells. J Biol Chem 268(13), 9393-9399.

Kanamoto, R, Nishiyama, M, Matsufuji, S & Hayashi, S (1991). Translational control mechanism of ornithine decarboxylase by asparagine and putrescine in primary cultured hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 291(2), 247-254.

Kanamoto, R, Utsunomiya, K, Kameji, T & Hayashi, S (1986). Effects of putrescine on synthesis and degradation of ornithine decarboxylase in primary cultured hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 154(3), 539-544.

Kaneko, H, Hibasami, H, Mori, K, Kawarada, Y & Nakashima, K (1998). Apoptosis induction in human breast cancer MRK-nu-1 cells by a polyamine synthesis inhibitor, methylglyoxal bis(cyclopentylamidinohydrazone)(MGBCP). Anticancer Res 18(2A), 891-896.

Kang, HA & Hershey, JW (1994). Effect of initiation factor eIF-5A depletion on protein synthesis and proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 269, 3934-3940.

Kankare, K, Uusi-Oukari, M & Jänne, OA (1997). Structure, organization and expression of the mouse ornithine decarboxylase antizyme gene. Biochem J 324(Pt 3), 807-813.

Karschin, C, Dissmann, E, Stühmer, W & Karschin, A (1996). IRK(1-3) and GIRK(1-4) inwardly rectifying channel mRNAs are differentially expressed in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 16, 3559-3570.

Karschin, C, Schreibmayer, W, Dascal, N, Lester, H, Davidson, N & Karschin, A (1994). Distribution and localization of a G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channel in the rat brain. FEBS Lett 348, 139-144.

Kashiwagi, K, Ito, K & Igarashi, K (1991). Spermidine regulation of ornithine decarboxylase synthesis by a GC-rich sequence of the 5"-untranslated region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178(3), 815-822.

Katahira, J, Siomi, H, Ishizaki, T, Uememoto, T, Tanaka, Y & Shida, H (1994). A cellular protein which is coprecipitated with HTLV-I rex protein in the presence of the target mRNAOncogene 9, 3535-3544.

Katz, A & Kahana, C (1988). Isolation and characterization of the mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 263(16), 7604-7609.

Kauppinen, L (1995). Regulation of the human spermidine-induced destabilization of ornithine decarboxylase. FEBS Lett 365, 61-65.

Kauppinen, L, Myöhänen, S, Halmekytö, M, Alhonen, L & Jänne, J (1993). Transgenic mice overexpressing the human spermidine synthase gene. Biochem J 293(Pt 2), 513-516.

Kauppinen, RA & Alhonen, LI (1995). Transgenic animals as models in the study of the neurobiological role of polyamines. Prog Neurobiol 47(6), 545-563.

Keinänen, R, Miettinen, S, Yrjänheikki, J & Koistinaho, J (1997). Induction of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 239(2-3), 69- 72.

Kemper, WM, Berry, KW & Merrick, WC (1976). Purification and properties of rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis initiation factors M2Balpha and M2Bbeta. J Biol Chem 251, 5551-5557.

Kern, AD, Oliveira, MA, Coffino, P & Hackert, ML (1999). Structure of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase at 1.6 A resolution: stereochemical implications of PLP-dependent amino acid decarboxylases. Structure Fold Des 7(5), 567-581.

Kerppola, TK (1998). Transcriptional cooperativity: bending over backwards and doing the flip. Structure 6, 549-554.

Kim, YJ, Pan, H & Verma, AK (1994). Non-AP-1 tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate-responsive sequences in the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Mol Carcinog 10(3), 169-179.

Kindy, MS, Hu, Y & Dempsey, RJ (1994). Blockade of ornithine decarboxylase enzyme protects against ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14(6), 1040-1045.

Kitani, T & Fujisawa, H (1984). Purification and some properties of a protein inhibitor (antizyme) of ornithine decarboxylase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 259(16), 10036-10040.

Kitani, T & Fujisawa, H (1989). Purification and characterization of antizyme inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase from rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 991(1), 44-49.

Kobayashi, T, Ikeda, K, Ichikawa, T, Abe, S, Togashi, S & Kumanishi, T (1995). Molecular cloning of a mouse G-protein activated K+ channel (mGIRK1) and distinct distribution of three GIRK (GIRK1, 2 and 3) mRNAs in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208, 1166- 1173.

Kofuji, P, Ceelen, P, Zahs, KR, Surbeck, LW, Lester, HA & Newman, EA (2000). Genetic inactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1 subunit) in mice: phenotypic impact in retina. J Neurosci 20, 5733-5740.

Koike, C, Chao, DT & Zetter, BR (1999). Sensitivity to polyamine-induced growth arrest correlates with antizyme induction in prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 59(24), 6109-6112.

Kononen, J & Pelto-Huikko, M (1997). Recycling of tissue sections with a simple and sensitive mRNA in situ hybridization technique. TIGS Technical Tips online (http//tto.trends.com/) 1:9, T40069.

Kontula, KK, Torkkeli, TK, Bardin, CW & Jänne, OA (1984). Androgen induction of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in mouse kidney as studied by complementary DNAProc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81(3), 731-735.

Korhonen, VP, Niiranen, K, Halmekytö, M, Pietilä, M, Diegelman, P, Parkkinen, JJ, Eloranta, T, Porter, CW, Alhonen, L & Jänne, J (2001). Spermine deficiency resulting from targeted disruption of the spermine synthase gene in embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced sensitivity to antiproliferative drugs. Mol Pharmacol 59(2), 231-238.

Korpela, H, Hölttä, E, Hovi, T & Jänne, J (1981). Response of enzymes involved in the metabolism of polyamines to phytohaemagglutin-induced activation of human lymphocytes. Biochem J 196, 733-738.

Koza, RA & Herbst, EJ (1992). Deficiencies in DNA replication and cell-cycle progression in polyamine-depleted HeLa cells. Biochem J 281(Pt 1), 87-93.

Kozak, M (1989). The scanning model for translation: An update. J Cell Biol 108, 229-241. Kozak, M (1991). Structural features in eukaryotic mRNAs that modulate the initiation of translation. J Biol Chem 266, 19867-19870.

Kozak, M (1992). Regulation of translation in eukaryotic systems. Annu Rev Cell Biol 8, 197-225.

Kramer, DL, Fogel-Petrovic, M, Diegelman, P, Cooley, JM, Bernacki, RJ, McManis, JS, Bergeron, RJ & Porter, CW (1997). Effects of novel spermine analogues on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in MALME-3M human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 57(24), 5521-5527.

Kramer, DL, Vujcic, S, Diegelman, P, Alderfer, J, Miller, JT, Black, JD, Bergeron, RJ & Porter, CW (1999). Polyamine analogue induction of the p53-p21WAF1/CIP1-Rb pathway and G1 arrest in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 59(6), 1278-1286.

Kramer, W, Drutsa, V, Jansen, H.-W, Kramer, B, Pflugfelder, M & Fritz, H.-J (1984). The gapped duplex DNA approach to oligonucleotide-directed mutation construction. Nucleic Acids Res 12, 9441-9456.

Kubo, Y & Murata, Y (2001). Control of rectification and permeation by two distinct sites after the second transmembrane region in Kir2.1 K+ channel. J Physiol 531, 645-660.

Kumar, AP & Butler, AP (1997). Transcription factor Sp3 antagonizes activation of the ornithine decarboxylase promoter by Sp1. Nucleic Acids Res 25(10), 2012-2019.

Kumar, AP, Mar, PK, Zhao, B, Montgomery, RL, Kang, DC & Butler, AP (1995). Regulation of rat ornithine decarboxylase promoter activity by binding of transcription factor Sp1. J Biol Chem 270(9), 4341-4348.

Kusama-Eguchi, K, Watanabe, S, Irisawa, M, Watanabe, K.& Igarashi, K (1991) Correlation between spermine stimulation of rat liver Ile-tRNA formation and structural change of the acceptor stem by spermine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177(2), 745-750.

Käpyaho, K, Pösö, H & Jänne, J (1980). Role of putrescine metabolism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells exposed to hypotonic medium. Biochem J 192, 59-63.

Laitinen, J, Stenius, K, Eloranta, TO & Hölttä, E (1998). Polyamines may regulate S-phase progression but not the dynamic changes of chromatin during the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem 68(2), 200-212.

Laitinen, PH (1985). Involvement of an "antizyme" in the inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase. J Neurochem 45(4), 1303-1307.

Laitinen, PH, Hietala, OA, Pulkka, AE & Pajunen, AE (1986). Purification of mouse brain ornithine decarboxylase reveals its presence as an inactive complex with antizyme. Biochem J 236(2), 613-616.

Laitinen, PH, Huhtinen, RL, Hietala, OA & Pajunen, AE (1985). Ornithine decarboxylase activity in brain regulated by a specific macromolecule, the antizyme. J Neurochem 44(6), 1885-1891.

Laitinen, SI, Laitinen, PH, Hietala, OA, Pajunen, AEI & Piha, RS (1982). Developmental changes in mouse brain polyamine metabolism. Neurochem Res 7, 1477-1485.

Laitinen, SI, Laitinen, PH & Pajunen, AE (1984). The effect of testosterone on the half-life of ornithine decarboxylase-mRNA in mouse kidney. Biochem Int 9(1), 45-50.

Lan, L, Trempus, C & Gilmour, SK (2000). Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) decreases tumor vascularization and reverses spontaneous tumors in ODC/Ras transgenic mice. Cancer Res 60 (20), 5696-5703.

Langen, H, von Kietzell, D, Byrd, D, Arslan-Kirchner, M, Vester, U, Stuhrmann, M, Dork, T, Saar, K, Reis, A, Schmidtke, J & Brodehl, J (2000). Renal polyamine excretion, tubular amino acid reabsorption and molecular genetics in cystinuria. Pediatr Nephrol 14(5), 376-384.

Laschet, J, Trottier, S, Grisar, T & Leviel, V (1992). Polyamine metabolism in epileptic cortex. Epilepsy Res 12(2), 151-156.

Laube, G & Veh, RW (1997). Astrocytes, not neurons, show most prominent staining in mouse brain polyamine metabolism. Glia 19, 171-179.

Law, DJ, Du, M, Law, GL & Merchant, JL (1999). ZBP-99 defines a conserved family of transcription factors and regulates ornithine decarboxylase gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 262(1), 113-120.

Law, GL, Itoh, H, Law, DJ, Mize, GJ, Merchant, JL & Morris, DR (1998). Transcription factor ZBP-89 regulates the activity of the ornithine decarboxylase promoter. J Biol Chem 273(32), 19955-19964.

Lazaris-Karatzas, A, Montine, KS & Sonenberg, N (1990). Malignant transformation by a eukaryotic initiation factor subunit that binds to mRNA 5"cap. Nature 345, 544-547.

Levin, VA, Prados, MD, Yung, WK, Gleason, MJ, Ictech, S & Malec, M (1992). Treatment of recurrent gliomas with eflornithine. J Natl Cancer Inst 84, 1432-1437.

Levy-Favatier, F, Delpech, M & Kruh, J (1987). Characterization of an arginine-specific protein kinase tightly bound to rat liver DNAEur J Biochem 166, 617-621.

Lewis, JS, Thomas, TJ, Shirahata, A & Thomas, T (2000). Oligodeoxyribonucleotide harboring the estrogen response element in the presence of polyamines: ionic, structural, and DNA sequence specifity effects. Biomacromolecules 1, 339-349.

Li, L, Li, J, Rao, JN, Li, M, Bass, BL & Wang, JY (1999b). Inhibition of polyamine synthesis induces p53 gene expression but not apoptosis. Am J Physiol 276(4 Pt 1), C946-954.

Li, L, Rao, JN, Bass, BL & Wang, JY (2001a). NF-kappaB activation and susceptibility to apoptosis after polyamine depletion in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(5), G992-G1004.

Li, L, Rao, JN, Guo, X, Liu, L, Santora, R, Bass, BL & Wang, JY (2001b). Polyamine depletion stabilizes p53 resulting in inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281, C941-953.

Li, RS, Abrahamsen, MS, Johnson, RR & Morris, DR (1994). Complex interactions at a GC-rich domain regulate cell type-dependent activity of the ornithine decarboxylase promoter. J Biol Chem 269(11), 7941-7949.

Li, RS, Law, GL, Seifert, RA, Romaniuk, PJ & Morris, DR (1999a). Ornithine decarboxylase is a transcriptional target of tumor suppressor WT1. Exp Cell Res 247(1), 257-266.

Li, X & Coffino, P (1992). Regulated degradation of ornithine decarboxylase requires interaction with the polyamine-inducible protein antizyme. Mol Cell Biol 12(8), 3556-3562.

Li, X & Coffino, P (1993). Degradation of ornithine decarboxylase: exposure of the C-terminal target by a polyamine-inducible inhibitory protein. Mol Cell Biol 13(4), 2377-2383.

Li, X, Stebbins, B, Hoffman, L, Pratt, G, Rechsteiner, M & Coffino, P (1996). The N terminus of antizyme promotes degradation of heterologous proteins. J Biol Chem 271(8), 4441-4446.

Lindsay, GS & Wallace, HM (1999). Changes in polyamine catabolism in HL-60 human promyelogenous leukaemic cells in response to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Biochem J 337(Pt 1), 83-87.

Liss, B & Roeper, J (2001). Molecular physiology of neuronal K-ATP channels. Mol Membr Biol 18, 117-127.

Lopatin, AN, Makhina, EN & Nichols, CG (1994). Potassium channels block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification. Nature 372, 366-369.

Lopatin, AN, Shantz, LM, Mackintosh, CA, Nichols, CG & Pegg, AE (2000). Modulation of potassium channels in the hearts of transgenic and mutant mice with altered polyamine biosynthesis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32(11), 2007-2024.

Lorenz, B, Francis, F, Gempel, K, Boddrich, A, Josten, M, Schmahl, W, Schmidt, J, Lehrach, H, Meitinger, T & Strom, TM (1998). Spermine deficiency in Gy mice caused by deletion of the spermine synthase gene. Hum Mol Genet 7(3), 541-547.

Lorenzini, EC & Scheffler, IE (1997). Co-operation of the 5" and 3" untranslated regions of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA and inhibitory role of its 3" untranslated region in regulating the translational efficiency of hybrid RNA species via cellular factor. Biochem J 326(Pt 2), 361- 367.

Love, RR, Carbone, PP, Verma, AK, Gilmore, D, Carey, P, Tutsch, KD, Pomplun, M & Wilding, G (1993). Randomized phase I chemoprevention dose-seeking study of alphadifluoromethylornithine. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(9), 732-737.

Lowry, DH, Rosenbrough, MJ, Farr, AL & Randall, RJ (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin fenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193, 732-737.

Lu, L, Stanley, BA & Pegg, AE (1991). Identification of residues in ornithine decarboxylase essential for enzymic activity and for rapid protein turnover. Biochem J 277(Pt 3), 671-675.

Lu, T, Nguyen, B, Zhang, X & Yang, J (1999). Architecture of a K+ channel inner pore revealed by stoichiometric covalent modification. Neuron 22(3), 571-580.

Lu, Z & Ding, L (1999). Blockade of a retinal cGMP-gated channel by polyamines. J Gen Physiol 113, 35-43.

Lu, Z & MacKinnon, R (1994). Electrostatic tuning of Mg2+ affinity in an inward-rectifier K+ channel. Nature 371, 243-246.

Lukkarinen, J, Grohn, OH, Sinervirta, R, Järvinen, A, Kauppinen, RA, Jänne, J & Alhonen, LI (1997). Transgenic rats as models for studying the role of ornithine decarboxylase expression in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 28(3), 639-645.

Lukkarinen, JA, Kauppinen, RA, Grohn, OH, Oja, JM, Sinervirta, R, Järvinen, A, Alhonen, LI & Jänne, J (1998). Neuroprotective role of ornithine decarboxylase activation in transient focal cerebral ischaemia: a study using ornithine decarboxylase-overexpressing transgenic rats. Eur J Neurosci 10(6), 2046-2055.

Lövkvist, E, Stjernborg, L & Persson, L (1993). Feedback regulation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. Studies using a transient expression system. Eur J Biochem 215(3), 753-759.

Lövkvist-Wallström, E, Stjernborg-Ulvsback, L, Scheffler, IE & Persson, L (1995). Regulation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. Studies on the induction of the enzyme by hypotonic stress. Eur J Biochem 231(1), 40-44.

Lövkvist-Wallström, E, Takao, K, Wendt, A, Vargiu, C, Yin, H & Persson, L (2001). Importance of the 3" untranslated region of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in the translational regulation of the enzyme. Biochem J 356(Pt 2), 627-634.

Mackarel, AJ & Wallace, HM (1993). Effect of 5-fluorouracil on polyamine excretion in human colonic cancer cells. Biochem Soc Trans 21(1), 50S.

Mackarel, AJ & Wallace, HM (1994). An investigation of the mechanism of polyamine efflux from human colorectal carcinoma cells. Biochem Soc Trans 22(4), 388S.

Mackintosh, CA & Pegg, AE (2000). Effect of spermine synthase deficiency on polyamine biosynthesis and content in mice and embryonic fibroblasts, and the sensitivity of fibroblasts to 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. Biochem J 351 Pt 2, 439-447.

Mamroud-Kidron, E, Omer-Itsicovich, M, Bercovich, Z, Tobias, KE, Rom, E & Kahana, C (1994). A unified pathway for the degradation of ornithine decarboxylase in reticulocyte lysate requires interaction with the polyamine-induced protein, ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Eur J Biochem 226(2), 547-554.

Manchester, KM, Heston, WD & Donner, DB (1993). Tumour necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by intracellular mitogenic signals in ME-180 human cervical carcinoma cells. Biochem J 290(Pt 1), 185-190.

Manni, A, Badger, B, Wechter, R, Kunselman, S, Rossini, A & Demers, L (1995). Biochemical and growth-modulatory effects of the new S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor CGP 48664 in malignant and immortalized normal human breast epithelial cells in culture. Int J Cancer 62(4), 485-491.

Manzella, JM & Blackshear, PJ (1990). Regulation of rat ornithine decarboxylase mRNA translation by its 5"-untranslated region. J Biol Chem 265 (20), 11817-11822.

Manzella, JM, Rychlik, W, Rhoads, RE, Hershey, JW & Blackshear, PJ (1991). Insulin induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Importance of mRNA secondary structure and phosphorylation of eucaryotic initiation factors eIF-4B and eIF-4EJ Biol Chem 266(4), 2383-2389.

Mar, PK, Kumar, AP, Kang, DC, Zhao, B, Martinez, LA, Montgomery, RL, Anderson, L & Butler, AP (1995). Characterization of novel phorbol ester- and serum-responsive sequences of the rat ornithine decarboxylase gene promoter. Mol Carcinog 14(4), 240-250.

Marceau, M, Lewis, SD & Shafer, JA (1988a). The glycine-rich region of Escherichia coli D-serine dehydratase: altered interactions with pyridoxal 5"-phosphate produced by substitution of aspartic acid for glycine. J Biol Chem 263, 16934-16941.

Marceau, M, McFall, E, Lewis, SD & Shafer, JA (1988b). D-serine dehydratase from Escherichia coli: DNA sequence and identification of catalytically inactive glycine to aspartic acid variants. J Biol Chem 263, 16926-16933.

Marquet, R, Colson, P & Houssier, C (1986). The condensation of chromatin and histone H1- depleted chromatin by spermine. J Biol Struct Dyn 4, 205-218.

Marton, LJ & Pegg, AE (1995). Polyamines as targets for therapeutic intervention. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35, 55-91.

Marty, C, Mori, G, Sabini, L & Rivarola, V (2000). Effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on the cyclin A expression in Hep-2 cells. Biocell 24(1), 49-52.

Marubio, LM, Del-Mar-Arroyo-Jiminez, M, Cordero-Erausquin, M, Lena, C, LeNovérre, N, De Kerchove d"Exaerde, A, Huchet, M, Damaj, I & Changeux, JP (1999). Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits. Nature 398, 805-810.

Matsubara, N, Hietala, OA, Gilmour, SK, Yum, KY, Litwin, S, Watts, P, Brennan & O"Brien. (1995). Association between high levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity and favorable prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1(6), 665-671.

Matsufuji, S, Matsufuji, T, Miyazaki, Y, Murakami, Y, Atkins, JF, Gesteland, RF & Hayashi, S (1995). Autoregulatory frameshifting in decoding mammalian ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Cell 80(1), 51-60.

Matsufuji, S, Miyazaki, Y, Kanamoto, R, Kameji, T, Murakami, Y, Baby, TG, Fujita, K, Ohno, T & Hayashi, S (1990). Analyses of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme mRNA with a cDNA cloned from rat liver. J Biochem (Tokyo) 108(3), 365-371.

Matsui, I & Pegg, AE (1981). Effect of inhibitors of proteins synthesis on rat liver spermidine Nacetyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta 675, 373-378.

Matsui, Y, Halter, SA, Holt, JT, Hogan, BLM & Coffey, RJ (1990). Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell 61, 1147-1155.

McCloskey, DE, Yang, J, Woster, PM, Davidson, NE & Casero, RA, Jr. (1996). Polyamine analogue induction of programmed cell death in human lung tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2(3), 441-446.

Meggio, F, Flamigni, F, Caldarera, CM, Guarnieri, C & Pinna, LA (1984). Phosphorylation of rat heart ornithine decarboxylase by type-2 casein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 122(3), 997-1004.

Megosh, L, Gilmour, SK, Rosson, D, Soler, AP, Blessing, M, Sawicki, JA & O"Brien, TG (1995). Increased frequency of spontaneous skin tumors in transgenic mice which overexpress ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Res 55 (19), 4205-4209.

Megosh, L, Halpern, M, Farkash, E & O"Brien, TG (1998). Analysis of ras gene mutational spectra in epidermal papillomas from K6/ODC transgenic mice. Mol Carcinog 22(3), 145-149.

Meyer, RAJ, Henley, CM, Meyer, MH, Morgan, PL, McDonald, AG, Mills, C & Price, DK (1998). Partial deletion of both the spermine synthase gene and the pex gene in the X-linked hypophosphatemic, gyro (Gy) mouse. Genomics 48, 289-295.

Meyskens, FL, Jr., Emerson, SS, Pelot, D, Meshkinpour, H, Shassetz, LR, Einspahr, J, Alberts, DS & Gerner, EW (1994). Dose de-escalation chemoprevention trial of alphadifluoromethylornithine in patients with colon polyps. J Natl Cancer Inst 86(15), 1122-1130.

Meyskens, FL, Jr. & Gerner, EW (1999). Development of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a chemoprevention agent. Clin Cancer Res 5(5), 945-951.

Meyskens, FL, Jr., Gerner, EW, Emerson, S, Pelot, D, Durbin, T, Doyle, K & Lagerberg, W (1998). Effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on rectal mucosal levels of polyamines in a randomized, double-blinded trial for colon cancer prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(16), 1212-1218.

Mi, Z, Kramer, DL, Miller, JT, Bergeron, RJ, Bernacki, R & Porter, CW (1998). Human prostatic carcinoma cell lines display altered regulation of polyamine transport in response to polyamine analogs and inhibitors. Prostate 34(1), 51-60.

Mialon, P, Cann-Moisan, C, Barthelemy, L, Caroff, J, Joanny, P & Steinberg, J (1993). Effect of one hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsion on cortical polyamine content in two strains of mice. Neurosci Lett 160(1), 1-3.

Miller, CL & Pintel, DJ (2001). The NS2 protein generated by the Parvovirus minute virus of mice is degraded by the proteasome in a manner independent of ubiquitin chain elongation or activation. Virology 285, 346-355.

Milovic, V, Faust, D, Turchanowa, L, Stein, J & Caspary, WF (2001). Permeability characteristics of polyamines across intestinal epithelium using the Caco-2 monolayer system: comparison between transepithelial flux and mitogen-stimulated uptake into epithelial cells. Nutrition 17, 462-466.

Mitchell, JL, Diveley, RR, Jr. & Bareyal-Leyser, A (1992). Abnormal accumulation and toxicity of polyamines in a difluoromethylornithine-resistant HTC cell variant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1136(2), 136-142.

Mitchell, JL, Judd, GG, Bareyal-Leyser, A & Ling, SY (1994). Feedback repression of polyamine transport is mediated by antizyme in mammalian tissue-culture cells. Biochem J 299(Pt 1), 19- 22.

Mitchell, JL, Judd, GG, Leyser, A & Choe, C (1998a). Osmotic stress induces variation in cellular levels of ornithine decarboxylase-antizyme. Biochem J 329(Pt 3), 453-459.

Mitchell, MF, Tortolero-Luna, G, Lee, JJ, Hittelman, WN, Lotan, R, Wharton, JT, Hong, WK & Nishioka, K (1998b). Phase I dose de-escalation trial of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in patients with grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res 4(2), 303-310.

Miyazaki, Y, Matsufuji, S & Hayashi, S (1992). Cloning and characterization of a rat gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Gene 113(2), 191-197.

Miyazaki, Y, Matsufuji, S, Murakami, Y & Hayashi, S (1993). Single amino-acid replacement is responsible for the stabilization of ornithine decarboxylase in HMOA cells. Eur J Biochem 214(3), 837-844.

Moffatt, J, Hashimoto, M, Kojima, A, Kennedy, DO, Murakami, A, Koshimizu, K, Ohigashi, H & Matsui-Yuasa, I (2000). Apoptosis induced by 1"-acetoxychavicol acetate in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is associated with modulation of polyamine metabolism and caspase-3 activation. Carcinogenesis 21(12), 2151-2157.

Möller, W & Amons, R (1985). Phosphate-binding sequences in nucleotide-binding proteins. FEBS Lett 186, 1-7.

Monti, MG, Ghiaroni, S, Pernecco, L, Barbieri, D, Marverti, G & Franceschi, C (1998). Polyamine depletion protects HL-60 cells from 2-deoxy-D-ribose-induced apoptosis. Life Sci 62(9), 799- 806.

Morgan, DM (1992). Uptake of polyamines by human endothelial cells. Characterization and lack of effect of agonists of endothelial function. Biochem J 286(Pt 2), 413-417.

Morgan, DM (1999). Polyamines. An overview. Mol Biotechnol 11(3), 229-250.

Morgan, DML (1990). Polyamines and cellular regulation: perspectives. Biochem Soc Trans 18, 1080-1084.

Morrison, LD, Becker, L & Kish, SJ (1993a). S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in human brain. Regional distribution and influence of aging. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 73(2), 237-241.

Morrison, LD, Bergeron, C & Kish, SJ (1993b). Brain S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity is increased in Alzheimer"s disease. Neurosci Lett 154(1-2), 141-144.

Morrison, LD, Cao, XC & Kish, SJ (1998). Ornithine decarboxylase in human brain: influence of aging, regional distribution, and Alzheimer"s disease. J Neurochem 71(1), 288-294.

Morrison, LD, Sherwin, AL, Carmant, L & Kish, SJ (1994). Activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, a key regulatory enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is increased in epileptogenic human cortex. Arch Neurol 51(6), 581-584.

Moshier, JA, Dosescu, J, Skunca, M & Luk, GD (1993). Transformation of NIH/3T3 cells by ornithine decarboxylase overexpression. Cancer Res 53(11), 2618-2622.

Moshier, JA, Gilbert, JD, Skunca, M, Dosescu, J, Almodovar, KM & Luk, GD (1990). Isolation and expression of a human ornithine decarboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 265(9), 4884-4892.

Moshier, JA, Skunca, M, Wu, W, Boppana, SM, Rauscher, FJ, 3rd & Dosescu, J (1996). Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by the Wilms" tumor suppressor WT1. Nucleic Acids Res 24(6), 1149-1157.

Mössner, J, Hammermann, R & Racke, K (2000). Concomitant down-regulation of L-arginine transport and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in rat alveolar macrophages by the polyamine spermine. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 14, 297-305. Müller, M, Cleef, M, Rohn, G, Bonnekoh, P, Pajunen, AE, Bernstein, HG & Paschen, W (1991). Ornithine decarboxylase in reversible cerebral ischemia: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 83(1), 39-45.

Müller, M, Pajunen, AE, Järvinen, M, Poeggel, G & Bernstein, HG (1993). Immunohistochemical demonstration of L-ornithine decarboxylase enzyme protein in different areas of the developing human brain. Dev Neurosci 15(2), 87-93.

Müller, WJ, Lee, FS, Dickson, C, Peters, G, Pattengala, P & Leder, P (1990). The int-2 gene product acts as an epithelial growth factor in transgenic mice. EMBO 9, 907-913.

Müller, WJ, Sinn, E, Pattengale, PK, Wallace, R & Leder, P (1988). Single-step induction of mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice bearing the activated c-neu oncogene. Cell 54, 105-115.

Murakami, Y, Ichiba, T, Matsufuji, S & Hayashi, S (1996). Cloning of antizyme inhibitor, a highly homologous protein to ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 271(7), 3340-3342.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Hayashi, S, Tanahashi, N & Tanaka, K (2000). Degradation of ornithine decarboxylase by the 26S proteasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267(1), 1-6.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Hayashi, SI, Tanahashi, N & Tanaka, K (1999). ATP-Dependent inactivation and sequestration of ornithine decarboxylase by the 26S proteasome are prerequisites for degradation. Mol Cell Biol 19(10), 7216-7227.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Kameji, T, Hayashi, S, Igarashi, K, Tamura, T, Tanaka, K & Ichihara, A (1992a). Ornithine decarboxylase is degraded by the 26S proteasome without ubiquitination. Nature 360(6404), 597-599.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Miyazaki, Y & Hayashi, S (1992b). Destabilization of ornithine decarboxylase by transfected antizyme gene expression in hepatoma tissue culture cells. J Biol Chem 267 (19), 13138-13141.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Nishiyama, M & Hayashi, S (1989). Properties and fluctuations in vivo of rat liver antizyme inhibitor. Biochem J 259(3), 839-845.

Murakami, Y, Matsufuji, S, Tanaka, K, Ichihara, A & Hayashi, S (1993). Involvement of the proteasome and antizyme in ornithine decarboxylase degradation by a reticulocyte lysate. Biochem J 295(Pt 1), 305-308.

Murakami, Y, Tanaka, K, Matsufuji, S, Miyazaki, Y & Hayashi, S (1992c). Antizyme, a protein induced by polyamines, accelerates the degradation of ornithine decarboxylase in Chinesehamster ovary-cell extracts. Biochem J 283(Pt 3), 661-664.

Nauseef, WM, McCormick, S, Renee, J, Leidal, KG & Clark, RA (1993). Functional domain in an arginine-rich carboxyl-terminal region of p47phox. J Biol Chem 268, 23646-23651.

Nemoto, T, Kamei, S, Seyama, Y & Kubota, S (2001). p53 independent G(1) arrest induced by DLalpha- difluoromethylornithine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280(3), 848-854.

Nigro, ND, Bull, AW & Boyd, ME (1986). Inhibition of intestinal carcinogenesis in rats: effect of difluoromethylornithine with piroxicam or fish oil. J Natl Cancer Inst 77(6), 1309-1313.

Nilsson, J, Grahn, B & Heby, O (2000a). Antizyme inhibitor is rapidly induced in growthstimulated mouse fibroblasts and releases ornithine decarboxylase from antizyme suppression. Biochem J 346 Pt 3, 699-704.

Nilsson, J, Gritli-Linde, A & Heby, O (2000b). Skin fibroblasts from spermine synthase-deficient hemizygous gyro male (Gy/Y) mice overproduce spermidine and exhibit increased resistance to oxidative stress but decreased resistance to UV irradiation. Biochem J 352, 381-387.

Nilsson, J, Koskiniemi, S, Persson, K, Grahn, B & Holm, I (1997). Polyamines regulate both transcription and translation of the gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase antizyme in mouse. Eur J Biochem 250(2), 223-231.

Nishikawa, Y, Kar, S, Wiest, L, Pegg, AE & Carr, BI (1997). Inhibition of spermidine synthase gene expression by transforming growth factor-beta 1 in hepatoma cells. Biochem J 321(Pt 2), 537-543.

Nitta, T, Igarashi, K, Yamashita, A, Yamamoto, M & Yamamoto, N (2001). Involvement of polyamines in B cell receptor-mediated apoptosis: spermine functions as a negative modulator. Exp Cell Res 265(1), 174-183.

Nowels, K, Homma, Y, Seidenfeld, J & Oyasu, R (1986). Prevention of inhibitory effects of alphadifluoromethylornithine on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis by exogenous putrescine. Cancer Biochem Biophys 8(4), 257-263.

O"Brien, BL, Hankewych, M, McCormick, D, Jacoby, R, Brasitus, TA & Halline, AG (1995). Urinary N1-acetylspermidine and N8-acetylspermidine excretion in normal humans and in patients with colorectal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 40(6), 1269-1274.

O"Brien, TG, Hietala, O, O"Donnell, K & Holmes, M (1987). Activation of mouse epidermal tumor ornithine decarboxylase by GTP: evidence for different catalytic forms of the enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(24), 8927-8931.

O"Brien, TG, Madara, T, Pyle, JA & Holmes, M (1986). Ornithine decarboxylase from mouse epidermis and epidermal papillomas: differences in enzymatic properties and structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83(24), 9448-9452.

O"Brien, TG, Megosh, LC, Gilliard, G & Soler, AP (1997). Ornithine decarboxylase overexpression is a sufficient condition for tumor promotion in mouse skin. Cancer Res 57(13), 2630-2637.

O"Brien, TG, Simsiman, RC & Boutwell, RK (1975a). Induction of the polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis by tumor-promoting agents. Cancer Res 35, 1662-1670.

O"Brien, TG, Simsiman, RC & Boutwell, RK (1975b). Induction of the polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis and their specifity for tumor promotion. Cancer Res 35, 2426- 2433.

Obenrader, MF & Prouty, WF (1977). Detection of multiple forms of rat liver ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 252(2860-2865).

Oka, T, Perry, JW & Kano, K (1977). Hormonal regulation of spermidine synthase during the development of mouse mammary epithelium in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 79, 979- 986.

Okuzumi, J, Yamane, T, Kitao, Y, Tokiwa, K, Yamaguchi, T, Fujita, Y, Nishino, H, Iwashima, A & Takahashi, T (1991). Increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity in human gastric cancer. Cancer Res 51(5), 1448-1451.

Oliveira, MA, Carroll, D, Davidson, L, Momany, C & Hackert, ML (1997). The GTP effector site of ornithine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a: kinetic and structural characterization. Biochemistry 36(51), 16147-16154.

Oliver, D, Baukrowitz, T & Fakler, B (2000). Polyamines as gating molecules of inward-rectifier K+ channels. Eur J Biochem 267, 5824-5829.

Olson, JW, Orlinska, U & Gillespie, MN (1989). Polyamine synthesis blockade in monocrotalineinduced pneumotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 38(17), 2903-2910.

Onoue, H, Matsufuji, S, Nishiyama, M, Murakami, Y & Hayashi, S (1988). Changes in ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme activities in developing mouse brain. Biochem J 250(3), 797-803.

Osborne, DL & Seidel, ER (1989). Microflora-derived polyamines modulate obstruction-induced colonic mucosal hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 256(6 Pt 1), G1049-1057.

Osterman, A, Grishin, NV, Kinch, LN & Phillips, MA (1994). Formation of functional crossspecies heterodimers of ornithine decarboxylase. Biochemistry 33(46), 13662-13667.

Osterman, AL, Brooks, HB, Jackson, L, Abbott, JJ & Phillips, MA (1999). Lysine-69 plays a key role in catalysis by ornithine decarboxylase through acceleration of the Schiff base formation, decarboxylation, and product release steps. Biochemistry 38(36), 11814-11826.

Osterman, AL, Kinch, LN, Grishin, NV & Phillips, MA (1995a). Acidic residues important for substrate binding and cofactor reactivity in eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase identified by alanine scanning mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 270 (20), 11797-11802.

Osterman, AL, Lueder, DV, Quick, M, Myers, D, Canagarajah, BJ & Phillips, MA (1995b). Domain organization and a protease-sensitive loop in eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase. Biochemistry 34(41), 13431-13436.

Otero, AD (1990). Transphosphorylation and G protein activation. Biochem Pharmacol 39, 1399- 1404.

Otieno, MA & Kensler, TW (2000). A role for protein kinase C-delta in the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase expression by oxidative stress. Cancer Res 60(16), 4391-4396.

Paasinen-Sohns, A & Hölttä, E (1997). Cells transformed by ODC, c-Ha-ras and v-src exhibit MAP kinase/Erk-independent constitutive phosphorylation of Sos, Raf and c-Jun activation domain, and reduced PDGF receptor expression. Oncogene 15(16), 1953-1966.

Paasinen-Sohns, A, Kielosto, M, Kääriäinen, E, Eloranta, T, Laine, A, Jänne, OA, Birrer, MJ & Hölttä, E (2000). c-Jun activation-dependent tumorigenic transformation induced paradoxically by overexpression or block of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. J Cell Biol 151(4), 801- 810.

Packham, G & Cleveland, JL (1994). Ornithine decarboxylase is a mediator of c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 14(9), 5741-5747.

Pajunen, A, Crozat, A, Jänne, OA, Ihalainen, R, Laitinen, PH, Stanley, B, Madhubala, R & Pegg, AE (1988). Structure and regulation of mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 263(32), 17040-17049.

Palvimo, JJ, Eisenberg, LM & Jänne, OA (1991). Protein-DNA interactions in the cAMP responsive promoter region of the murine ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 19(14), 3921-3927.

Palvimo, JJ, Partanen, M & Jänne, OA (1996). Characterization of cell-specific modulatory element in the murine ornithine decarboxylase promoter. Biochem J 316(Pt 3), 993-998.

Panagiotidis, CA, Artandi, S, Calame, K & Silverstein, SJ (1995). Polyamines alter sequencespecific DNA-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 23(10), 1800-1809.

Pantazaki, AA, Anagnostopoulos, CG, Lioliou, EE & Kyriakidis, DA (1999). Characterization of ornithine decarboxylase and regulation by its antizyme in Thermus thermophilus. Mol Cell Biochem 195(1-2), 55-64.

Parchment, RE & Pierce, GB (1989). Polyamine oxidation, programmed cell death, and regulation of melanoma in the murine embryonic limb. Cancer Res 49(23), 6680-6686.

Paridaens, R, Uges, DR, Barbet, N, Choi, L, Seeghers, M, van der Graaf, WT, Groen, HJ, Dumez, H, Buuren, IV, Muskiet, F, Capdeville, R, Oosterom, AT & de Vries, EG (2000). A phase I study of a new polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, SAM486A, in cancer patients with solid tumours. Br J Cancer 83(5), 594-601.

Park, MH (1989). The essential role of hypusine in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4D (eIF- 4D). Purification of eIF-4D and its precursors and comparison of their activities. J Biol Chem 264, 18531-18535.

Park, MH, Cooper, HL & Folk, JE (1981). Identification of hypusine, an unusual amino acid, in a protein from human lymphocytes and of spermidine as its biosynthetic precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78, 2869-2873.

Park, MH, Cooper, HL & Folk, JE (1982). The biosynthesis of protein-bound hypusine (Nε-(4- amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine): lysine as the amino acid precursor and the intermediate role of deoxyhypusine (Nε-(4-aminobutyl)lysine). J Biol Chem 257, 7217-7222.

Park, MH, Joe, YA & Kang, KR (1998). Deoxyhypusine synthase activity is essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273, 1677-1683.

Park, MH, Lee, YB & Joe, YA (1997). Hypusine is essential for eukaryotic cell proliferation. Biol Signals 6(3), 115-123.

Park, MH, Wolff, EC & Folk, JE (1993). Is hypusine essential for eukaryotic cell proliferation? Trends Biochem Sci 18(12), 475-479.

Park, MH, Wolff, EC, Lee, YB & Folk, JE (1994). Antiproliferative effects of inhibitors of deoxyhypusine synthase. Inhibition of growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells by guanyl diamines. J Biol Chem 269(45), 27827-27832.

Parry, L, Balana Fouce, R & Pegg, AE (1995). Post-transcriptional regulation of the content of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase by N1N12-bis(ethyl)spermine. Biochem J 305(Pt 2), 451-458.

Paschen, W, Cleef, M, Rohn, G, Müller, M & Pajunen, AE (1993). Ischemia-induced disturbances of polyamine synthesis. Prog Brain Res 96, 147-160.

Patil, N, Cox, DR, Bhat, D, Faham, M, Myers, RM & Peterson, AS (1995). A potassium channel mutation in weaver mice implicates membrane excitability in granule cell differentiation. Nat Genet 11, 126-129.

Pawlik, CA, Iyengar, RV, Krull, EJ, Mason, SE, Khanna, R, Harris, LC, Potter, PM, Danks, MK & Guichard, SM (2000). Use of the ornithine decarboxylase promoter to achieve N-MYCmediated overexpression of a rabbit carboxylesterase to sensitize neuroblastoma cells to CPT- 11. Mol Ther 1(5 Pt 1), 457-463.

Payne, JM & Dahmus, ME (1993). Partial purification and characterization of two distinct protein kinases that differentially phosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase subunit IIa. J Biol Chem 268, 80-87.

Pearson, G, Robinson, F, Gibson, TB, Xu, B, Karandikar, M, Berman, K & Cobb, MH (2001). Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endoc Rev 22, 153-183.

Pegg, AE (1979). Investigation of the turnover of rat liver S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase using a specific antibody. J Biol Chem 254, 3249-3253.

Pegg, AE (1988). Polyamine metabolism and its importance in neoplastic growth and a target for chemotherapy. Cancer Res 48(4), 759-774.

Pegg, AE & McGill, S (1979). Decarboxylation of ornithine and lysine in rat tissues. Biochem Biophys Acta 568, 416-427.

Pegg, AE, Pakala, R & Bergeron, RJ (1990). Induction of spermidine/spermine N1- acetyltransferase activity in Chinese-hamster ovary cells by N1N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine (corrected) and related compounds. Biochem J 267(2), 331-338.

Pegg, AE, Wiest, L & Pajunen, A (1988). Detection of proenzyme form of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in extracts from rat prostate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 150(2), 788-793.

Pelta, J, Livolant, F & Sikorav, J.-L (1995). DNA aggregation induced by polyamines and cobalthexamine. J Biol Chem 271, 5656-5662.

Pena, A, Reddy, CD, Wu, S, Hickok, NJ, Reddy, EP, Yumet, G, Soprano, DR & Soprano, KJ (1993). Regulation of human ornithine decarboxylase expression by the c-Myc.Max protein complex. J Biol Chem 268(36), 27277-27285.

Pendeville, H, Carpino, N, Marine, J.-C, Takahashi, Y, Müller, M, Martial, JA & Cleveland, JL (2001). The ornithine decarboxylase gene is essential for cell survival during early murine development. Mol Cell Biol 21, 6549-6558.

Penning, LC, Schipper, RG, Vercammen, D, Verhofstad, AA, Denecker, T, Beyaert, R & Vandenabeele, P (1998). Sensitization of tnf-induced apoptosis with polyamine synthesis inhibitors in different human and murine tumour cell lines. Cytokine 10(6), 423-431.

Peralta Soler, A, Gilliard, G, Megosh, L, George, K & O"Brien, TG (1998). Polyamines regulate expression of the neoplastic phenotype in mouse skin. Cancer Res 58(8), 1654-1659.

Persson, L, Holm, I & Heby, O (1988). Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA translation by polyamines. Studies using a cell-free system and a cell line with an amplified ornithine decarboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 263(7), 3528-3533.

Persson, L & Pegg, AE (1984). Studies of the induction of spermidine/spermine N1- acetyltransferase using a specific antiserum. J Biol Chem 259, 12364-12367.

Persson, L, Stjernborg, L, Holm, I & Heby, O (1989). Polyamine-mediated control of mammalian S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase expression: effects on the content and translational efficiency of the mRNABiochem Biophys Res Commun 160(3), 1196-1202.

Pestova, TV, Kolupaeva, VG, Lomakin, IB, Pilipenko, EV, Shatsky, IN, Agol, VI & Hellen, CUT (2001). Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98, 7029-7036.

Pfeffer, LM, Yang, CH, Murti, A, McCormack, SA, Viar, MJ, Ray, RM & Johnson, LR (2001). Polyamine depletion induces rapid NF-κ B activation in IEC-6 cells. J Biol Chem 276, In press.

Pfeffer, LM, Yang, CH, Pfeffer, SR, Murti, A, McCormack, SA & Johnson, LR (2000). Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase induces STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278(2), C331-335.

Piacentini, M, Fesus, L, Farrace, MG, Ghibelli, L, Piredda, L & Melino, G (1991). The expression of "tissue" transglutaminase in two human cancer cell lines is related with the programmed cell death (apoptosis). Eur J Cell Biol 54(2), 246-254.

Piacenza, L, Peluffo, G & Radi, R (2001). L-arginine-dependent suppression of apoptosis in Trypanosoma cruzi: contribution of the nitric oxide and polyamine pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 7301-7306.

Picciotto, MR, Zoli, M, Lena, C, Bessis, A, Lallemand, Y, LeNovere, N, Vincent, P, Pich, EM, Brulet, P & Changeux, JP (1995). Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional highaffinity nicotine receptor in the brain. Nature 374, 65-67.

Pietilä, M, Alhonen, L, Halmekytö, M, Kanter, P, Jänne, J & Porter, CW (1997). Activation of polyamine catabolism profoundly alters tissue polyamine pools and affects hair growth and female fertility in transgenic mice overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 272(30), 18746-18751.

Pietilä, M, Parkkinen, JJ, Alhonen, L & Jänne, J (2001). Relation of skin polyamines to the hairless phenotype in transgenic mice overexpressing spermidine/spermine n-acetyltransferase. J Invest Dermatol 116(5), 801-805.

Pitkänen, L, Heiskala, M & Andersson, LC (2001). Expression of a novel human ornithine decarboxylase-like protein in the central nervous system and testes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287, 1051-1057.

Plaster, NM, Tawil, R, Tristani-Firouzi, M, Canun, S, Bendahhou, S, Tsunoda, A, Donaldson, MR, Iannaccone, ST, Brunt, E, Barohn, R, Clark, J, Deymeer, F, George, ALJ, Fish, FA, Hahn, A, Nitu, A, Ozdemir, C, Serdaroglu, P, Subramony, SH, Wolfe, G, Fu, YH & Ptacek, LJ (2001). Mutation in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electric phenotype of Andersen"s syndrome. Cell 105, 511-519.

Pohjanpelto, P, Hölttä, E & Jänne, O.A (1985) Mutant strain of Chinese hamster ovary cells with no detectable ornithine decarboxylase activity. Mol Cell Biol 5: 1385-1390.

Pohjanpelto, P & Hölttä, E (1996). Phosphorylation of Okazaki-like DNA fragments in mammalian cells and role of polyamines in the processing of this DNAEmbo J 15(5), 1193-1200.

Pomidor, MM, Cimildoro, R, Lazatin, B, Zheng, P, Gurr, JA, Leigh, IM, Jänne, OA, Tuan, RS & Hickok, NJ (1999). Phosphorylated human keratinocyte ornithine decarboxylase is preferentially associated with insoluble cellular proteins. Mol Biol Cell 10(12), 4299-4310.

Porter, CW, Ganis, B, Libby, PR & Bergeron, RJ (1991). Correlations between polyamine analogue-induced increases in spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity, polyamine pool depletion, and growth inhibition in human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Res 51(14), 3715- 3720.

Porter, CW, McManis, J, Casero, RA & Bergeron, RJ (1987). Relative abilities of bis(ethyl) derivatives of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to regulate polyamine biosynthesis and inhibit L1210 leukemia cell growth. Cancer Res 47(11), 2821-2825.

Poulin, R, Coward, JK, Lakanen, JR & Pegg, AE (1993). Enhancement of the spermidine uptake system and lethal effects of spermidine overaccumulation in ornithine decarboxylaseoverproducing L1210 cells under hyposmotic stress. J Biol Chem 268(7), 4690-4698.

Poulin, R, Lessard, M & Zhao, C (1995a). Inorganic cation dependence of putrescine and spermidine transport in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 270(4), 1695-1704.

Poulin, R, Lu, L, Ackermann, B, Bey, P & Pegg, AE (1992). Mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Characterization of sequences at the inhibitor and coenzyme binding sites. J Biol Chem 267(1), 150-158.

Poulin, R & Pegg, AE (1990). Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase expression by anisosmotic shock in alpha-difluoromethylornithine-resistant L1210 cells. J Biol Chem 265(7), 4025-4032.

Poulin, R, Pelletier, G & Pegg, AE (1995b). Induction of apoptosis by excessive polyamine accumulation in ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing L1210 cells. Biochem J 311(Pt 3), 723- 727.

Poulin, R, Zhao, C, Verma, S, Charest-Gaudreault, R & Audette, M (1998). Dependence of mammalian putrescine and spermidine transport on plasma-membrane potential: identification of an amiloride binding site on the putrescine carrier. Biochem J 330(Pt 3), 1283-1291.

Prados, MD, Wara, WM, Sneed, PK, McDermott, M, Chang, SM, Rabbitt, J, Page, M, Malec, M, Davis, RL, Gutin, PH, Lamborn, K, Wilson, CB, Phillips, TL & Larson, DA (2001). Phase III trial of accelerated hyperfractionation with or without difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) versus standard fractionated radiotherapy with or without DFMO for newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 49, 71-77.

Pussinen, R, Sirviö, J, Alhonen, L, Larson, J, Halmekytö, M, Koivisto, E & Jänne, J (1998). Preserved induction of long-term potentiation in the stratum radiatum in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices from transgenic mice overexpressing ornithine decarboxylase and overproducing putrescine. Synapse 28(4), 288-293.

Pyronnet, S, Pradayrol, L & Sonenberg, N (2000). A cell cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site. Mol Cell 5(4), 607-616.

Radford, DM, Nakai, H, Eddy, RL, Haley, LL, Byers, MG, Henry, WM, Lawrence, DD, Porter, CW & Shows, TB (1990). Two chromosomal locations for human ornithine decarboxylase gene sequences and elevated expression in colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Res 50 (19), 6146-6153.

Raney, A, Baron, AC, Mize, GJ, Law, GL & Morris, DR (2000). In vitro translation of the upstream open reading frame in the mammalian mRNA encoding S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 275(32), 24444-24450.

Ransom, RW & Stec, NL (1988). Cooperative modulation of [3H]MK-801 binding to the Nmethyl- D-aspartate receptor-ion channel complex by L-glutamate, glycine, and polyamines. J Neurochem 51, 830-836.

Rao, AM, Hatcher, JF, Dogan, A & Dempsey, RJ (2000). Elevated N1-acetylspermidine levels in gerbil and rat brains after CNS injury. J Neurochem 74(3), 1106-1111.

Ravanko, K, Järvinen, K, Paasinen-Sohns, A & Hölttä, E (2000). Loss of p27Kip1 from cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 but not from cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes in cells transformed by polyamine biosynthetic enzymes. Cancer Res 60(18), 5244-5253.

Ray, RM, McCormack, SA & Johnson, LR (2001). Polyamine depletion arrests growth of IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells by different mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281, G37- G43.

Ray, RM, Viar, MJ, Yuan, Q & Johnson, LR (2000). Polyamine depletion delays apoptosis of rat intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278(3), C480-489.

Ray, RM, Zimmerman, BJ, McCormack, SA, Patel, TB & Johnson, LR (1999). Polyamine depletion arrests cell cycle and induces inhibitors p21(Waf1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), and p53 in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 1), C684-691.

Reddig, PJ, Kim, YJ & Verma, AK (1996). Localization of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate response of the human ornithine decarboxylase promoter to the TATA box. Mol Carcinog 17(2), 92-104.

Reddy, SG, McLlheran, SM, Cochran, BJ, Worth, LL, Bishop, LA, Brown, PJ, Knutson, VP & Haddox, MK (1996). Multisite phosphorylation of ornithine decarboxylase in transformed macrophages results in increased intracellular enzyme stability and catalytic efficiency. J Biol Chem 271(40), 24945-24953.

Regenass, U, Mett, H, Stanek, J, Mueller, M, Kramer, D & Porter, CW (1994). CGP 48664, a new S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor with broad spectrum antiproliferative and antitumor activity. Cancer Res 54(12), 3210-3217.

Reimann, F & Ashcroft, FM (1999). Inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Current Opin Cell Biol 11, 503-508.

Richert, ND, Davies, PJ, Jay, G & Pastan, IH (1979). Characterization of an immune complex kinase in immunoprecipitates of avian sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblats. J Virol 31, 696- 706.

Riochet, DFL, Mohammad-Panah, R, Hebert, SC, MacGregor, GG, Baro, I, Guihard, G & Escande, D (2001). Inactivating properties of recombinant ROMK2 channels expressed in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286, 376-380.

Rogers, S, Wells, R & Rechsteiner, M (1986). Amino acid sequence common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis. Science 234, 364-368.

Rohn, G, Schlenker, M & Paschen, W (1992). Activity of ornithine decarboxylase and Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase in transient cerebral ischemia: relationship to the duration of vascular occlusion. Exp Neurol 117(2), 210-215.

Role, LW & Berg, DK (1996). Nicotinic receptors in the development and modulation of CNS synapses. Neuron 16, 1077-1085.

Rosenberg-Hasson, Y, Strumpf, D & Kahana, C (1991). Mouse ornithine decarboxylase is phosphorylated by casein kinase-II at a predominant single location (serine 303). Eur J Biochem 197(2), 419-424.

Rouzina, I & Bloomfield, VA (1998). DNA bending by small, mobile multivalent cations. Biophys J 74, 3152-3164.

Ruan, H, Shantz, LM, Pegg, AE & Morris, DR (1996). The upstream open reading frame of the mRNA encoding S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is a polyamine-responsive translational control element. J Biol Chem 271(47), 29576-29582.

Ruhl, M, Himmelspach, M, Bahr, GM, Hammerschmid, F, Jaksche, H, Wolff, B, Aschauer, H, Farrington, GK, Probst, H, Bevec, D & Hauber, J (1993). Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A is a cellular target of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev activation domain madiating trans-activation. J Cell Biol 123, 1309-1320.

Sakata, K, Fukuchi-Shimogori, T, Kashiwagi, K & Igarashi, K (1997). Identification of regulatory region of antizyme necessary for the negative regulation of polyamine transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238(2), 415-419.

Sakata, K, Kashiwagi, K & Igarashi, K (2000). Properties of a polyamine transporter regulated by antizyme. Biochem J 347 Pt 1, 297-303.

Sambrook, J, Fritsch, EF & Maniatis, T (1989). Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual. second edit, Cold Spring Harbor laboratory press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Sanger, F, Nicklen, S & Coulson, AR (1977). DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 74, 5463-5467.

Sargent, PB (1993). The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 16, 403-443.

Sarhan, S, Dezeure, F & Seiler, N (1987). Putrescine derivatives as substrates of spermidine synthase. Int J Biochem 19(11), 1037-1047.

Sarhan, S, Knodgen, B & Seiler, N (1989). The gastrointestinal tract as polyamine source for tumor growth. Anticancer Res 9(1), 215-223.

Sarhan, S, Knodgen, B & Seiler, N (1992). Polyamine deprivation, malnutrition and tumor growth. Anticancer Res 12(2), 457-466.

Sasaki, K, Abid, MR & Miyazaki, M (1996). Deoxyhypusine synthase gene is essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 384, 151-154.

Satoh, N, Hibasami, H, Mori, K, Kaneko, H, Wakabayashi, H, Hirata, K, Sonoda, J, Nakashima, K & Uchida, A (1999). Growth inhibition of human osteosarcoma HuO9 cells by methylglyoxal bis(cyclopentylamidinohydrazone) in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 6(3), 627-630.

Satriano, J, Isome, M, Casero, RAJ, Thomson, SC & Blantz, RC (2001). Polyamine transport system madiates agmatine transport in mammalian cells. Am J Physiol Cell 281, C329-C334.

Sauve, DM, Anderson, HJ, Ray, JM, James, WM & Roberge, M (1999). Phosphorylation-induced rearrangement of the histone H3 NH2-terminal domain during mitotic chromosome condensation. J Cell Biol 145, 225-235.

Saverio, B, Pierpaola, D, Serenella, A, Cesare, C, Bruno, M, Auro, T & Arnaldo, C (2000). Tumor progression is accompanied by significant changes in the levels of expression of polyamine metabolism regulatory genes and clusterin (sulfated glycoproprotein 2) in human prostate cancer specimens. Cancer Res 60, 28-34.

Scalabrino, G & Feriolo, ME (1982). Polyamines in mammalian tumors, Part IIAdv Cancer Res 36, 1-102.

Schipper, RG, Penning, LC & Verhofstad, AA (2000). Involvement of polyamines in apoptosis. Facts and controversies: effectors or protectors? Semin Cancer Biol 10(1), 55-68.

Schlaggar, BL, Fox, K & O"Leary, DDM (1993). Postsynaptic control of plasticity in developing somatosensory cortex. Nature 364, 623-626.

Schmitz, MP, Combs, DJ & Dempsey, RJ (1993). Difluoromethylornithine decreases postischemic brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown. Neurosurgery 33(5), 882-887; discussion 887- 888.

Schnier, J, Schwelberger, HG, Smit-McBride, Z, Kang, HA & Hershey, JW (1991). Translation initiation factor 5A and its hypusine modification are essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 11(6), 3105-3114.

Scorcioni, F, Corti, A, Davalli, P, Astancolle, S & Bettuzzi, S (2001). Manipulation of the expression of regulatory genes of polyamine metabolism results in specific alterations of the cell-cycle progression. Biochem J 354(Pt 1), 217-223.

Scott, RH, Sutton, KG & Dolphin, AC (1993). Interactions of polyamines with neuronal ion channels. Trends Neurosci 16, 153-160.

Seely, JE, Pösö, H & Pegg, AE (1982a). Effects of androgens on turnover of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse kidney. J Biol Chem 257, 7549-7553.

Seely, JE, Pösö, H & Pegg, AE (1982b). Purification of ornithine decarboxylase from kidneys of androgen-treated mice. Biochemistry 21, 3394-3399.

Seiler, N (2000). Oxidation of polyamines and brain injury. Neurochem Res 25(4), 471-490.

Seiler, N & Atanassov, CL (1994). The natural polyamines and the immune system. Progr Grug Res 43, 87-141.

Seiler, N, Delcros, JG & Moulinoux, JP (1996). Polyamine transport in mammalian cells. An update. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 28(8), 843-861.

Sen, D & Crothers, DM (1986). Condensation of chromatin: role of multivalent cations. Biochemistry 25, 1495-1503.

Shah, N, Thomas, TJ, Lewis, JS, Klinge, CM, Shirahata, A, Gelinas, C & Thomas, T (2001). Regulation of estrogenic and nuclear factor kappa B functions by polyamines and their role in polyamine analog-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 20(14), 1715-1729.

Shantz, LM, Coleman, CS & Pegg, AE (1996a). Expression of an ornithine decarboxylase dominant-negative mutant reverses eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-induced cell transformation. Cancer Res 56(22), 5136-5140.

Shantz, LM, Feith, DJ & Pegg, AE (2001). Targeted overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase enhances beta-adrenergic agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biochemical J 358, 25-32.

Shantz, LM, Hu, RH & Pegg, AE (1996b). Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in a transformed cell line that overexpresses translation initiation factor eIF-4ECancer Res 56(14), 3265-3269.

Shantz, LM & Pegg, AE (1994). Overproduction of ornithine decarboxylase caused by relief of translational repression is associated with neoplastic transformation. Cancer Res 54(9), 2313- 2316.

Shantz, LM & Pegg, AE (1999). Translational regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and other enzymes of the polyamine pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31(1), 107-122.

Shantz, LM, Viswanath, R & Pegg, AE (1994). Role of the 5"-untranslated region of mRNA in the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and its regulation by spermine. Biochem J 302(Pt 3), 765-772.

Sharma, A, Glaves, D, Porter, CW, Raghavan, D & Bernacki, RJ (1997). Antitumor efficacy of N1,N11-diethylnorspermine on a human bladder tumor xenograft in nude athymic mice. Clin Cancer Res 3(8), 1239-1244.

Sheaff, RJ, Singer, JD, Swanger, J, Smitherman, M, Roberts, JM & Clurman, BE (2000). Proteasomal Turnover of p21Cip1 Does Not Require p21Cip1 Ubiquitination. 5, 403-410.

Shi, XP, Yin, KC, Ahern, J, Davis, LJ, Stern, AM & Waxman, L (1996). Effect of N1-guanyl-1,7- diaminoheptane, an inhibitor of deoxyhypusine synthase, on the growth of tumorigenic cell lines in culture. Biochim Biophys Acta 1310, 233-239.

Shirahata, A & Pegg, AE (1985). Regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity in rat liver and prostate. J Biol Chem 260, 9583-9588.

Shirahata, A & Pegg, AE (1986). Increased content of mRNA for a precursor of Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase in rat prostate after treatment with 2- difluoromethylornithine. J Biol Chem 261, 13833-13837.

Shyng, SL, Sha, Q, Ferrigni, T, Lopatin, AN & Nichols, CG (1996). Depletion of intracellular polyamines relieves inward rectification of potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(21), 12014-12019.

Simon, DB, Karet, FE, Rodriguez-Soriano, J, Hamdan, JH, DiPietro, A, Trachtman, H, Sanjad, SA & Lifton, RP (1996). Genetic heterogeneity of Bartter"s syndrome revealed by mutation in the K+ channel, ROMKNat Genet 14, 152-156.

Simoneau, AR, Gerner, EW, Phung, M, McLaren, CE & Meyskens, FL, Jr. (2001). Alphadifluoromethylornithine and polyamine levels in the human prostate: results of a phase IIa trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(1), 57-59.

Sinn, E, Müller, W, Pattenpale, P, Tepler, I, Wallace, R & Leder, P (1987). Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of oncogens in vivo. Cell 49, 465-475.

Sistonen, L, Hölttä, E, Lehväslaiho, H, Lehtola, L & Alitalo, K (1989a). Activation of the neu tyrosine kinase induces the fos/jun transcription factor complex, the glucose transporter and ornithine decarboxylase. J Cell Biol 109(5), 1911-1919.

Sistonen, L, Hölttä, E, Mäkela, TP, Keski-Oja, J & Alitalo, K (1989b). The cellular response to induction of the p21 c-Ha-ras oncoprotein includes stimulation of jun gene expression. Embo J 8(3), 815-822.

Skatchkov, SN, Eaton, MJ, Krusek, J, Veh, RW, Biedermann, B, Bringmann, A, Pannicke, T, Orkand, RK & Reichenbach, A (2000). Spatial distribution of spermine/spermidine content and K(+)-current rectification in frog retinal glial (Müller) cells. Glia 31(1), 84-90.

Small, L, Monette, R, Fournier, M.-C, Zurakowski, B, Fiander, H & Morley, P (2001). Characterization of cyclin D1 expression in a rat global model of cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 900, 26-37.

Smit-McBride, Z, Schnier, J, Kaufman, RJ & Hershey, JW (1989). Protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4DFunctional comparison of native and unhypusinated forms of the protein. 264, 18527-18530.

Smith, MK, Trempus, CS & Gilmour, SK (1998). Co-operation between follicular ornithine decarboxylase and v-Ha-ras induces spontaneous papillomas and malignant conversion in transgenic skin. Carcinogenesis 19(8), 1409-1415.

Snyder, RD (1989). Polyamine depletion is associated with altered chromatin structure in HeLa cells. Biochem J 260(3), 697-704.

Soininen, T, Liisanantti, MK & Pajunen, AEI (1996). S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene expression in rat hepatoma cells: regulation by insulin and by inhibition of protein synthesis. Biochem J 316, 273-277.

Southan, GJ, Szabo, C & Thiemermann, C (1994). Inhibition of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by spermine is modulated by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 203(3), 1638-1644.

Srinivasan, PR, Tonin, PN, Wensing, EJ & Lewis, WH (1987). The gene for ornithine decarboxylase is co-amplified in hydroxyurea-resistant hamster cells. J Biol Chem 262(26), 12871-12878.

Stanfield, PR, Davies, NW, Shelton, IA, Sutcliffe, MJ, Khan, IA, Brammar, WJ & Conley, EC (1994). A single aspartate residue is involved in both intrinsic gating and blockade by Mg2+ of the inward rectifier, IRK1. J Physiol 478, 1-6.

Stanley, BA, Pegg, AE & Holm, I (1989). Site of pyruvate formation and processing of mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme. J Biol Chem 264, 21073-21079.

Stefanelli, C, Pignatti, C, Tantini, B, Fattori, M, Stanic, I, Mackintosh, CA, Flamigni, F, Guarnieri, C, Caldarera, CM & Pegg, AE (2001). Effect of polyamine depletion on caspase activation: a study with spermine synthase-deficient cells. Biochem J 355(Pt 1), 199-206.

Stjernborg, L, Heby, O, Mamont, P & Persson, L (1993). Polyamine-mediated regulation of Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylase expression in mammalian cells. Studies using 5"-([(Z)-4- amino-2-butenyl]methylamino)-5"-deoxyadenosine, a suicide inhibitor of the enzyme. Eur J Biochem 214(3), 671-676.

Streiff, RR & Bender, JF (2001). Phase 1 study of N1-N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) administered TID for 6 days in patients with advanced malignancies. Invest New Drugs 19, 29- 39.

Suda, Y, Aizawa, S, Furuta, Y, Yagi, T, Ikawa, Y, Saitoh, K, Yamada, Y, Toyoshima, K & Yamamoto, T (1990). Induction of a variety of tumors by c-erbB2 and clonal nature of lymphomas even with the mutated gene (Val659-Glu659). EMBO J 9, 181-190.

Suorsa, A, Hietala, O & Pajunen, A (1992). Developmental expression of ornithine and Sadenosylmethionine decarboxylases in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184(2), 1114-1118.

Suppola, S, Heikkinen, S, Parkkinen, JJ, Uusi-Oukari, M, Korhonen, V.-P, Keinänen, T, Alhonen, L & Jänne, J (2001). Concurrent overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase further accelerates the catabolism of hepatic polyamines in transgenic mice. Biochem J 358, 343-348.

Suppola, S, Pietilä, M, Parkkinen, JJ, Korhonen, VP, Alhonen, L, Halmekytö, M, Porter, CW & Jänne, J (1999). Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking posttranscriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue. Biochem J 338(Pt 2), 311-316.

Svensson, F, Mett, H & Persson, L (1997). CGP 48664, a potent and specific S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor: effects on regulation and stability of the enzyme. Biochem J 322(Pt 1), 297-302.

Szabo, C, Southan, GJ, Wood, E, Thiemermann, C & Vane, JR (1994). Inhibition by spermine of the induction of nitric oxide synthase in J774.2 macrophages: requirement of a serum factor. Br J Pharmacol 112, 355-356.

Tabor, CW & Tabor, H (1984). Polyamines. Annu Rev Biochem 53, 749-790.

Taglialatela, M, Ficker, E, Wible, BA & Brown, AM (1995). C-terminus determinants for Mg2+ and polyamine block of the inward rectifier K+ channel IRK1. Embo J 14(22), 5532-5541.

Takai, Y, Sasaki, T & Matozaki, T (2001). Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev 81, 154-208.

Takemoto, T, Nagamatsu, Y & Oka, T (1983). The study of spermidine-stimulated polypeptide synthesis in cell-free translation of mRNA from lactating mouse mammary gland. Biochem Biophys Acta 740, 73-79.

Takumi, T, Ishii, T, Horio, Y, Morishige, K, Takahashi, N, Yamada, M, Yamashita, T, Kiyama, H, Sohmiya, K, Nakanishi, S & Kurachi, Y (1995). A novel ATP-dependent inward rectifier potassium channel expressed predominantly in glial cells. J Biol Chem 270, 16339-16346.

Talpaz, M, Plager, C, Quesada, J, Benjamin, R, Kantarjian, H & Gutterman, J (1986). Difluoromethylornithine and leukocyte interferon: a phase I study in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 22(6), 685-689.

Tanahashi, N, Murakami, Y, Minami, Y, Shimbara, N, Hendil, KB & Tanaka, K (2000). Hybrid proteasomes. Induction by interferon-gamma and contribution to ATP-dependent proteolysis. J Biol Chem 275 (19), 14336-14345.

Tewari, DS, Qian, Y, Thornton, RD, Pieringer, J, Taub, R, Mochan, E & Tewari, M (1994). Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human cDNA encoding ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Biochim Biophys Acta 1209(2), 293-295.

Thomas, P, Ye, Y & Lightner, E (1996). Mutation of the pancreatic islet inward rectifier Kir6.2 also leads to familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Hum Mol Genet 5, 1809- 1812.

Thomas, T, Kulkarni, GD, Gallo, MA, Greenfield, N, Lewis, JS, Shirahata, A & Thomas, TJ (1997a). Effects of natural and synthetic polyamines on the conformation of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide with the estrogen response element. Nucleic Acids Res 25(12), 2396- 2402.

Thomas, T & Thomas, TJ (1993). Structural specificity of polyamines in modulating the binding of estrogen receptor to potential Z-DNA forming sequences. J Recept Res 13(8), 1115-1133.

Thomas, T & Thomas, TJ (1994). Regulation of cyclin B1 by estradiol and polyamines in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 54(4), 1077-1084.

, T & Thomas, TJ (2001). Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 58(2), 244-258.

Thomas, TJ & Bloomfield, VA (1984). Ionic and structural effects on the thermal helix-coil transition of DNA complexed with natural and synthetic polyamines. Biopolymers 23, 1295- 1306.

Thomas, TJ, Gunnia, UB & Thomas, T (1991). Polyamine-induced B-DNA to Z-DNA conformational transition of a plasmid DNA with (dG-dC)n insert. J Biol Chem 266(10), 6137- 6141.

Thomas, TJ, Shah, N, Faaland, CA, Gallo, MA, Yurkow, E & Satyaswaroop, PG (1997b). Antitumor effects of a bis(benzyl)spermine analog on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in culture and in nude mice xenografts. Oncol Rep 4, 5-13.

Thompson, HJ, Herbst, EJ & Meeker, LD (1986). Chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis: a comparative review of the efficacy of a polyamine antimetabolite, retinoids, and selenium. J Natl Cancer Inst 77(3), 595-598.

Tippin, DB & Sundaralingam, M (1997). Nine polymorphic crystal structures of d(CCGGGCCCGG), d(CCGGGCCm5CGG), d(Cm5CGGGCCm5CGG) and d(CCGGGCC(Br)5CGG) in three different conformations: effects of spermine binding and methylation on the bending and condensation of A-DNAJ Mol Biol 267, 1171-1185.

Tobias, KE & Kahana, C (1993). Intersubunit location of the active site of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase as determined by hybridization of site-directed mutants. Biochemistry 32(22), 5842-5847.

Tobias, KE & Kahana, C (1995). Exposure to ornithine results in excessive accumulation of putrescine and apoptotic cell death in ornithine decarboxylase overproducing mouse myeloma cells. Cell Growth Differ 6(10), 1279-1285.

Tobias, KE, Mamroud-Kidron, E & Kahana, C (1993). Gly387 of murine ornithine decarboxylase is essential for the formation of stable homodimers. Eur J Biochem 218(1), 245-250.

Tobias, KE, Shor, J & Kahana, C (1995). c-Myc and Max transregulate the mouse ornithine decarboxylase promoter through interaction with two downstream CACGTG motifs. Oncogene 11(9), 1721-1727.

Tohyama, Y, Kameji, T & Hayashi, S (1991). Mechanisms of dramatic fluctuations of ornithine decarboxylase activity upon tonicity changes in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 202(3), 1327-1331.

Tokunaga, F, Goto, T, Koide, T, Murakami, Y, Hayashi, S, Tamura, T, Tanaka, K & Ichihara, A (1994). ATP- and antizyme-dependent endoproteolysis of ornithine decarboxylase to oligopeptides by the 26 S proteasome. J Biol Chem 269(26), 17382-17385.

Tome, ME, Fiser, SM & Gerner, EW (1994). Consequences of aberrant ornithine decarboxylase regulation in rat hepatoma cells. J Cell Physiol 158(2), 237-244.

Tome, ME, Fiser, SM, Payne, CM & Gerner, EW (1997). Excess putrescine accumulation inhibits the formation of modified eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) and induces apoptosis. Biochem J 328(Pt 3), 847-854.

Tome, ME & Gerner, EW (1997). Cellular eukaryotic initiation factor 5A content as a mediator of polyamine effects on growth and apoptosis. Biol Signals 6(3), 150-156.

Tonin, PN, Stallings, RL, Carman, MD, Bertino, JR, Wright, JA, Srinivasan, PR & Lewis, WH (1987). Chromosomal assignment of amplified genes in hydroxyurea-resistant hamster cells. Cytogenet Cell Genet 45(2), 102-108.

Töpert, C, Döring, F, Wischmeyer, E, Karschin, C, Brockhaus, J, Ballanyi, K, Derst, C & Karschin, A (1998). Kir2.4: a novel K+ inward rectifyer channel associated with motoneurons of cranial nerve nuclei. J Neurosci 18, 4096-4105.

Tosaka, Y, Tanaka, H, Yano, Y, Masai, K, Nozaki, M, Yomogida, K, Otani, S, Nojima, H & Nishimune, Y (2000). Identification and characterization of testis specific ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (OAZ-t) gene: expression in haploid germ cells and polyamine-induced frameshifting. Genes Cells 5(4), 265-276.

Tsirka, S & Coffino, P (1992). Dominant negative mutants of ornithine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 267(32), 23057-23062.

Tsuji, T, Todd, R, Meyer, C, McBride, J, Liao, PH, Huang, MF, Chou, MY, Donoff, RB & Wong, DT (1998). Reduction of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODC-Az) level in the 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. Oncogene 16(26), 3379-3385.

Tsuji, T, Usui, S, Aida, T, Tachikawa, T, Hu, GF, Sasaki, A, Matsumura, T, Todd, R & Wong, DT (2001). Induction of epithelial differentiation and DNA demethylation in hamster malignant oral keratinocyte by ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. Oncogene 20(1), 24-33.

Tsukamoto, AS, Grosschedl, R, Guzman, RC, Parslow, T & Varmus, E (1988). Expresion of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 55, 619-625.

Tyagi, AK, Tabor, CW & Tabor, H (1981). Ornithine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 256, 12156-12163.

Valencia, A, Chardin, P, Wittinghofer, A & Sander, C (1991). The ras protein family: Evolutionary tree and role of conserved amino acids. Biochemistry 30, 4637-4648.

van Daalen Wetters, T, Brabant, M & Coffino, P (1989a). Regulation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase activity by cell growth, serum and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate is governed primarily by sequences within the coding region of the gene. Nucleic Acids Res 17(23), 9843- 9860.

van Daalen Wetters, T, Macrae, M, Brabant, M, Sittler, A & Coffino, P (1989b). Polyaminemediated regulation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase is posttranslational. Mol Cell Biol 9(12), 5484-5490.

van den Berg, GA, Kingma, AW, Visser, GH & Muskiet, FA (1988). Gestational-age-dependent concentrations of polyamines, their conjugates and metabolites in urine and amniotic fluid. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95(7), 669-675.

van Kranen, HJ, van de Zande, L, van Kreijl, CF, Bisschop, A & Wieringa, B (1987). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of rat ornithine decarboxylase cDNAGene 60(2-3), 145-155.

Van Steeg, H, Van Oostrom, CT, Hodemaekers, HM, Peters, L & Thomas, AA (1991). The translation in vitro of rat ornithine decarboxylase mRNA is blocked by its 5" untranslated region in a polyamine-independent way. Biochem J 274(Pt 2), 521-526.

van Steeg, H, van Oostrom, CT, Hodemaekers, HM & van Kreyl, CF (1990). Cloning and functional analysis of the rat ornithine decarboxylase-encoding gene. Gene 93(2), 249-256.

van Steeg, H, van Oostrom, CT, Martens, JW, van Kreyl, C, Schepens, J & Wieringa, B (1989). Nucleotide sequence of the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 17(21), 8855-8856.

van Steeg, H, van Oostrom, TM, van Kranen, HJ & van Kreijl, CF (1988). Nucleotide sequence of the rat ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 16(16), 8173-8174.

Verma, AK (1988). Inhibition of tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced synthesis of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNA and diacylglycerol-promoted mouse skin tumor formation by retinoic acid. Cancer Res 48(8), 2168-2173.

Verma, AK, Erickson, D & Dolnick, BJ (1986a). Increased mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity by the tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate involves increased amounts of both enzyme protein and messenger RNABiochem J 237(1), 297-300.

Verma, AK, Pong, RC & Erickson, D (1986b). Involvement of protein kinase C activation in ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in primary culture of newborn mouse epidermal cells and in skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res 46(12 Pt 1), 6149-6155.

Verma, R & Deshaies, RJ (2000). A proteasome howdunit: the case of the missing signal. Cell 101, 341-344.

Vetter, DE, Liberman, MC, Mann, J, Barhanin, J, Boulter, J, Brown, MC, Saffiote-Kolman, J, Heinemann, SF & Elgohhen, AB (1999). Role of alpha 9 nicotinic ACh receptor subunits in the development and function of cochlear efferent innervation. Neuron 23, 93-103.

Walhout, AJM, Gubbels, JM, Bernards, R, van der Vliet, PC & Timmers, HTM (1997). c-Myc/Max heterodimers bind cooperatively to the E-box sequences located in the first intron of the rat ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene. Nucleic Acids Res 25(8), 1516-1525.

Wang, JY, McCormack, SA, Viar, MJ & Johnson, LR (1991). Stimulation of proximal small intestinal mucosal growth by luminal polyamines. Am J Physiol 261(3 Pt 1), G504-511.

Wang, JY, McCormack, SA, Viar, MJ, Wang, H, Tzen, CY, Scott, RE & Johnson, LR (1993). Decreased expression of protooncogenes c-fos, c-myc, and c-jun following polyamine depletion in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 265(2 Pt 1), G331-338.

Wang, T.-W, Lu, L, Wang, D & Thompson, JE (2001d). Isolation and characterization of senescence-induced cDNAs encoding deoxyhypusine synthase and eucaryotic translation initiation factor 5A from tomato. J Biol Chem 276, 17541-17549.

Wang, Y, Devereux, W, Stewart, TM & Casero, RA, Jr. (1999). Cloning and characterization of human polyamine-modulated factor-1, a transcriptional cofactor that regulates the transcription of the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 274(31), 22095-22101.

Wang, Y, Devereux, W, Stewart, TM & Casero, RA, Jr. (2001a). Characterization of the interaction between the transcription factors human polyamine modulated factor (PMF-1) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in the transcriptional regulation of the spermidine/spermine N1- acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene. Biochem J 355(Pt 1), 45-49.

Wang, Y, Devereux, W, Woster, PM & Casero, RA (2001b). Cloning and characterization of the mouse polyamine-modulated factor-1 (mPMF-1) gene: an alternatively spliced homologue of the human transcription factor. Biochem J 359, 387-392.

Wang, Y, Devereux, W, Woster, PM, Stewart, TM, Hacker, A & Casero, RA (2001c). Cloning and characterization of a human polyamine oxidase that is inducible by polyamine analogue exposure. Cancer Res 61, 5370-5373.

Warrell, RPJ & Burchenal, JH (1983). Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (methyl-GAG): current status and future prospects. J Clin Oncol 1, 52-65.

Wasylyk, B, Hagman, J & A, G.-H (1998). Est transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the RAs- MAP-kinase signaling pathway. Trends Biochem Sci 23, 213-216.

Watanabe, S, Kusama-Eguchi, K, Kobayashi, H & Igarashi, K (1991). Estimation of polyamine binding to macromolecules and ATP in bovine lymphocytes and rat liver. J Biol Chem 266(31), 20803-20809.

Weiner, KX & Dias, JA (1992). Developmental regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in rat testis: comparison of changes in ODC activity with changes in ODC mRNA levels during testicular maturation. Biol Reprod 46(4), 617-622.

Wen, L, Huang, JK & Blackshear, PJ (1989). Rat ornithine decarboxylase gene. Nucleotide sequence, potential regulatory elements, and comparison to the mouse gene. J Biol Chem 264(15), 9016-9021.

Wible, BA, Taglialatela, M, Ficker, E & Brown, AM (1994). Gating of inwardly rectifying K+ channels localized to a single negatively charged residue. Nature 371, 687-708.

Williams, K (1997). Interactions of polyamines with ion channels. Biochem J 325(Pt 2), 289-297.

Williams, K, Romano, C & Molinoff, PB (1989). Effects of polyamines on the binding of [3H]MK- 801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: pharmacological evidence for the existence of a polyamine recognition site. Mol Pharmacol 36(4), 575-581.

Winqvist, R, Mäkela, TP, Seppänen, P, Jänne, OA, Alhonen-Hongisto, L, Jänne, J, Grzeschik, KH & Alitalo, K (1986). Human ornithine decarboxylase sequences map to chromosome regions 2pter----p23 and 7cen----qter but are not coamplified with the NMYC oncogene. Cytogenet Cell Genet 42(3), 133-140.

Worth, LL, Cochran, BJ & Haddox, MK (1994). Phosphorylation of ornithine decarboxylase at both serine and threonine residues in the ODC-overproducing, Abelson virus-transformed RAW264 cell line. Cancer Res 54(15), 3967-3970.

Xiang, Z, Hunguenard, JR & Prince, DA (1998). Cholinergic switching within neocortical inhibitory networks. Science 281, 985-988.

Xie, X, Tome, ME & Gerner, EW (1997). Loss of intracellular putrescine pool-size regulation induces apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 230(2), 386-392.

Xu, A & Chen, KY (2001). Hypusine is required for a sequence-specific interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A with postsystematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment RNAJ Biol Chem 276, 2555-2561.

Yamada, K, Ji, JJ, Yuan, H, Miki, T, Sato, S, Horimoto, N, Shimizu, T, Seino, S & Inagaki, N (2001). Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. Science 292, 1543-1546.

Yamada, M & Kurachi, Y (1995). Spermine gates inward-rectifying muscarinic but not ATPsensitive K+ channels in rabbit atrial myocytes. J Biol Chem 270, 9289-9294.

Yang, D, Hayashi, H, Takii, T, Mizutani, Y, Inukai, Y & Onozaki, K (1997). Interleukin-1-induced growth inhibition of human melanoma cells. Interleukin-1-induced antizyme expression is responsible for ornithine decarboxylase activity down-regulation. J Biol Chem 272(6), 3376- 3383.

Yang, J, Jan, YN & Jan, LY (1995). Control of rectification and permeation by residues in two distinct domains in an inward rectifier K+ channel. Neuron 14(5), 1047-1054.

Yao, J, Zadworny, D, Aggrey, SE, Kuhnlein, U & Hayes, JF (1998). Bovine ornithine decarboxylase gene: cloning, structure and polymorphisms. DNA Seq 8(4), 203-213.

Yao, J, Zadworny, D, Kuhnlein, U & Hayes, JF (1995). Molecular cloning of a bovine ornithine decarboxylase cDNA and its use in the detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Holsteins. Genome 38(2), 325-331.

Yoshida, M, Meksuriyen, D, Kashiwagi, K, Kawai, G & Igarashi, K (1999) Polyamine stimulation of the synthesis of oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA). Involvement of a structural change of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the initiation codon aug in oppa mRNAJ Biol Chem 274(32), 22723-22728.

Zawia, NH, Mattia, CJ & Bondy, SC (1991). Differential effects of difluoromethylornithine on basal and induced activity of cerebral ornithine decarboxylase and mRNANeuropharmacology 30(4), 337-343.

Zhao, B, Kumar, AP & Butler, AP (2000). A negative regulatory element within the proximal promoter region of the rat ornithine decarboxylase gene. Mol Carcinog 29(4), 212-218.

Zhu, C, Lang, DW & Coffino, P (1999). Antizyme2 is a negative regulator of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine transport. J Biol Chem 274(37), 26425-26430.

Zuk, D & Jacobson, A (1998). A single amino acid substitution in yeast eIF-5A results in mRNA stabilization. EMBO 17, 2914-2925.