References

Abdel-Razzak Z, Loyer P, Fautrel A, Gautier J-C, Corcos L, Turlin B, Beaune P & Guillouzo A (1993) Cytokines down-regulate expression of major cytochrome P-450 enzymes in adult human hepatocytes in primary culture. Mol Pharmacol 44: 707-715.

Aida K & Negishi M (1991) Post-transcriptional regulation of coumarin 7-hydroxylase (P450Coh) induction by xenobiotics in mouse liver: mRNA stabilization by pyrazole. Biochemistry 30: 8041-8045.

Anttila S, Hietanen E, Vainio H, Camus A-M, Gelboin HV, Park SS, Heikkilä L, Karjalainen A & Bartsch H (1991) Smoking and peripheral type of cancer are related to high levels of pulmonary cytochrome P450IA in lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 47: 681-685.

Anttila S, Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Karjalainen A, Nurminen T & Vainio H (1994) Combined effect of CYP1A1 inducibility and GSTM1 polymorphism on histological type of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 15: 1133-1135.

Anttila S, Vainio H, Hietanen E, Camus A-M, Malaveille C, Brun G, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Heikkilä L, Karjalainen A & Bartsch H (1992) Immunohistochemical detection of pulmonary cytochrome P450IA and metabolic activities associated with P450IA1 and P450IA2 isozymes in lung cancer patients. Environ Health Perspect 98: 179-182.

Aoyama T, Yamano S, Guzelian PS, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1990) Five of 12 forms of vaccinia virus-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450 metabolically activate aflatoxin B1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 4790-4793.

Aoyama T, Yamano S, Waxman DJ, Lapenson DP, Meyer UA, Fischer V, Tyndale R, Inaba T, Kalow W, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1989) Cytochrome P-450 hPCN3, a novel cytochrome P-450 IIIA gene product that is differentially expressed in adult human liver. J Biol Chem 264: 10388-10395.

Autrup H (1990) Carcinogen metabolism in cultured human tissues and cells. Carcinogenesis 11: 707-712.

Baes M, Gulick T, Choi H-S, Martinoli MG, Simha D & Moore DD (1994) A new orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that interacts with a subset of retinoic acid response elements. Mol Cell Biol 14: 1544-1551.

Bartsch H, Castegnaro M, Rojas M, Camus A-M, Alexandrov K & Lang M (1992) Expression of pulmonary cytochrome P4501A1 and carcinogen DNA adduct formation in high risk subjects for tobacco-related lung cancer. Toxicol Lett 64-65: 477-483.

Belloc C, Baird S, Cosme J, Lecoeur S, Gautier J-C, Challine D, de Waziers I, Flinois J-P & Beaune PH (1996) Human cytochromes P450 expressed in Escherichia coli: production of specific antibodies. Toxicology 106: 207-219.

Berghard A, Gradin K, Pongratz I, Whitelaw M & Poellinger L (1993) Cross-coupling of signal transduction pathways: the dioxin receptor mediates induction of cytochrome P-450IA1 expression via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 13: 677-689.

Bertilsson G, Heidrich J, Svensson K, Åsman M, Jendeberg L, Sydow-Bäckman M, Ohlsson R, Postlind H, Blomquist P & Berkenstam A (1998) Identification of a human nuclear receptor defines a new signaling pathway for CYP3A induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 12208-12213.

Bertz RJ & Granneman GR (1997) Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 32: 210-258.

Blumberg B, Sabbagh W, Jr., Juguilon H, Bolado J, Jr., van Meter CM, Ong ES & Evans RM (1998) SXR, a novel steroid and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor. Genes 12: 3195-3205.

Botto F, Seree E, Khyari SE, de Sousa G, Massacrier A, Placidi M, Cau P, Pellet W, Rahmani R & Barra Y (1994) Tissue-specific expression and methylation of the human CYP2E1 gene. Biochem Pharmacol 48: 1095-1103.

Bowen WP, Carey JE, Miah A, McMurray HF, Munday PW, James RS, Coleman RA & Brown AM (2000) Measurement of cytochrome P450 gene induction in human hepatocytes using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Drug Metab Dispos 28: 781-788.

Buters JTM, Sakai S, Richter T, Pineau T, Alexander DL, Savas U, Doehmer J, Ward JM, Jefcoate CR & Gonzalez FJ (1999) Cytochrome P450 1B1 determines susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a];anthracene-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 1977-1982.

Butler MA, Lang NP, Young JF, Caporaso NE, Vineis P, Hayes RB, Teitel CH, Massengill JP, Lawson MF & Kadlubar FF (1992) Determination of CYP1A2 and acetyltransferase 2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics 2: 116-127.

Cantrell ET, Warr GA, Busbee DL & Martin RR (1973) Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages by cigarette smoking. J Clin Invest 52: 1881-1884.

Capdevila JH, Falck JR & Harris RC (2000) Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation: molecular and functional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase. J Lipid Res 41: 163-181.

Carrier F, Owens RA, Nebert DW & Puga A (1992) Dioxin-dependent activation of murine Cyp1a-1 gene transcription requires protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 12: 1856-1863.

Celander M, Weisbrod R & Stegeman JJ (1997) Glucocorticoid potentiation of cytochrome P4501A1 induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in porcine and human endothelial cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 232: 749-753.

Chang TKH, Weber GF, Crespi CL & Waxman DJ (1993) Differential activation of cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide by cytochromes P-450 2B and 3A in human liver microsomes. Cancer Res 53: 5629-5637.

Chang TKH, Yu L, Maurel P & Waxman DJ (1997) Enhanced cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation in primary human hepatocyte cultures: response to cytochrome P-450 inducers and autoinduction by oxazaphosphorines. Cancer Res 57: 1946-1954.

Chen Y-H & Tukey RH (1996) Protein kinase C modulates regulation of the CYP1A1 gene by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Biol Chem 271: 26261-26266.

Cheng Y, Chen C, Lin P, Huang KH, Lin T, Wu M & Lee H (2000) DNA adduct level in lung tissue may act as a risk biomarker of lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 1381-1388.

Cholerton S, Idle ME, Vas A, Gonzalez FJ & Idle JR (1992) Comparison of a novel thin-layer chromatographic-fluorescence detection method with a spectrofluorometric method for the determination of 7-hydroxycoumarin in human urine. J Chromatogr 575: 325-330.

Code EL, Crespi CL, Penman BW, Gonzalez FJ, Chang TKH & Waxman DJ (1997) Human cytochrome P4502B6: interindividual hepatic expression, substrate specificity, and role in procarcinogen activation. Drug Metab Dispos 25: 985-993.

Crawford EL, Weaver DA, DeMuth JP, Jackson CM, Khuder SA, Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Thilly WG & Willey JC (1998) Measurement of cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1 gene expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 19: 1867-1871.

Crespi CL, Penman BW, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1991) A tobacco smoke-derived nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butone (NNK), is activated by polymorphic human cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). Carcinogenesis 12: 1197-1201.

Csanady GA, Guengerich FP & Bond JA (1992) Comparison of the biotransformation of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolite, butadiene monoepoxide, by hepatic and pulmonary tissues from humans, rats and mice. Carcinogenesis 13: 1143-1153.

Czerwinski M, McLemore TL, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1994) Quantitation of CYP2B7, CYP4B1, and CYPOR messenger RNAs in normal human lung and lung tumors. Cancer Res 54: 1085-1091.

Czerwinski M, McLemore TL, Philpot RN, Nhamburo PT, Korzekwa K, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1991) Metabolic activation of 4-ipomeanol by complementary DNA-expressed human cytochromes P-450. Cancer Res 51: 4636-4638.

Dahl AR & Lewis JL (1993) Respiratory tract uptake of inhalants and metabolism of xenobiotics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 32: 383-407.

Dalen P, Dahl M-L, Ruiz ML, Nordin J & Bertilsson L (1998) 10-hydroxylation of nortriptyline in white persons with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 13 functional CYP2D6 genes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63: 444-452.

Dalet-Beluche I, Boulenc X, Fabre G, Maurel P & Bonfils C (1992) Purification of two cytochrome P450 isozymes related to CYP2A and CYP3A gene families from monkey (baboon, Papio papio) liver microsomes. Cross reactivity with human forms. Eur J Biochem 204: 641-648.

Dalton TP, Dieter MZ, Matlib RS, Childs NL, Shertzer HG, Genter MB & Nebert DW (2000) Targeted knockout of Cyp1a1 gene does not alter hepatic constitutive expression of other genes in the mouse [Ah]; battery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267: 184-189.

Dehal SS & Kupfer D (1994) Metabolism of the proestrogenic pesticide methoxychlor by hepatic P450 monooxygenases in rats and humans. Dual pathways involving novel ortho ring-hydroxylation by CYP2B6. Drug Metab Dispos 22: 937-946.

Denison MS & Whitlock JPJ (1995) Xenobiotic-inducible transcription of cytochrome P450 genes. J Biol Chem 270: 18175-18178.

Döhr O & Abel J (1997) Transforming growth factor-β 1 coregulates mRNA expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cell-cycle-regulating genes in human cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241: 86-91.

Döhr O, Sinning R, Vogel C, Munzel P & Abel J (1997) Effect of transforming growth factor-β 1 on expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and genes of Ah gene battery:clues for independent down-regulation in A549 cells. Mol Pharmacol 51: 703-710.

Edwards RJ, Adams DA, Watts PS, Davies DS & Boobis AR (1998) Development of a comprehensive panel of antibodies against the major xenobiotic metabolising forms of cytochrome P450 in humans. Biochem Pharmacol 56: 377-387.

Edwards RJ, Singleton AM, Murray BP, Davies DS & Boobis AR (1995) Short synthetic peptides exploited for reliable and specific targeting of antibodies to the C-termini of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 49: 39-47.

El Adlouni C, Pinelli E, Azémar B, Zaoui D, Beaune P & Pfohl-Leszkowicz A (2000) Phenobarbital increases DNA adduct and metabolites formed by ochratoxin A: role of CYP 2C9 and microsomal glutathione-S-transferase. Environ Mol Mutagen 35: 123-131.

Eltom SE, Larsen MC & Jefcoate CR (1998) Expression of CYP1B1 but not CYP1A1 by primary cultured human mammary stromal fibroblasts constitutively and in response to dioxin exposure: role of the Ah receptor. Carcinogenesis 19: 1437-1444.

Fairbrother KS, Grove J, de Waziers I, Steimel DT, Day CP, Crespi C & Daly AK (1998) Detection and characterization of novel polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 gene. Pharmacogenetics 8: 543-552.

Felix CA, Walker AH, Lange BJ, Williams TM, Winick NJ, Cheung NV, Lovett BD, Nowell PC, Blair IA & Rebbeck TR (1998) Association of CYP3A4 genotype with treatment-related leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13176-13181.

Fernandez-Salguero P, Pineau T, Hilbert DM, McPhail T, Lee SST, Kimura S, Nebert DW, Rudikoff S, Ward JM & Gonzalez FJ (1995) Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. Science 268: 722-726.

Finta C & Zaphiropoulos PG (2000) The human CYP2C locus: a prototype for intergenic and exon repetition splicing events. Genomics 63: 433-438.

Fisslthaler B, Popp R, Kiss L, Potente M, Harder DR, Fleming I & Busse R (1999) Cytochrome P450 2C is an EDHF synthase in coronary arteries. Nature 401: 493-497.

Forkert P-G, Premdas PD & Bowers RJ (2000) Epoxide formation from diallyl sulfone is associated with CYP2E1 inactivation in murine and human lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23: 687-695.

Forman BM, Tzameli I, Choi H-S, Chen J, Simha D, Seol W, Evans RM & Moore DD (1998) Androstane metabolites bind to and deactivate the nuclear receptor CAR-β . Nature 395: 612-615.

Foster KA, Oster CG, Mayer MM, Avery ML & Audus KL (1998) Characterization of the A549 cell line as a type II pulmonary epithelial cell model for drug metabolism. Exp Cell Res 243: 359-366.

Foth H (1995) Role of the lung in accumulation and metabolism of xenobiotic compounds - implications for chemically induced toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 25: 165-205.

Ged C, Rouillon JM, Pichard L, Combalbert J, Bressot N, Bories P, Michel H, Beaune P & Maurel P (1989) The increase in urinary excretion of 6β -hydroxycortisol as a marker of human hepatic cytochrome P450IIIA induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 28: 373-387.

Gerde P, Muggenburg BA, Scott GG, Lewis JL, Pyon KH & Dahl AR (1998) Local metabolism in lung airways increases the uncertainty of pyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure. Carcinogenesis 19: 493-500.

Gervot L, Carriere V, Costet P, Cugnenc PH, Berger A, Beaune P & de Waziers I (1996) CYP3A5 is the major cytochrome P450 3A expressed in human colon and colonic cell lines. Environ Tox Pharm 2: 381-388.

Gervot L, Rochat B, Gautier JC, Bohnenstengel F, Kroemer H, de Berardinis V, Martin H, Beaune P & de Waziers I (1999) Human CYP2B6: expression, inducibility and catalytic activities. Pharmacogenetics 9: 295-306.

Getchell ML, Chen Y, Sparks DL, Ding X & Getchell TV (1993) Immunohistochemical localization of a cytochrome P-450 isozyme in human nasal mucosa: age-related trends. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 102: 368-374.

Gonzalez FJ (1990) Molecular genetics of the P-450 superfamily. Pharmacol Ther 45: 1-38.

Gonzalez FJ (1992) Human cytochromes P450: problems and prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 346-352.

Gonzalez FJ, Crespi CL, Czerwinski M & Gelboin HV (1992) Analysis of human cytochrome P450 catalytic activities and expression. Tohoku J Exp Med 168: 67-72.

Gonzalez FJ & Kimura S (1999) Role of gene knockout mice in understanding the mechanisms of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 143: 199-204.

Gonzalez FJ, Skoda RC, Kimura S, Umeno M, Zanger UM, Nebert DW, Gelboin HV, Hardwick JP & Meyer UA (1988) Characterization of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine metabolism. Nature 331: 442-446.

Goodwin B, Hodgson E & Liddle C (1999) The orphan human pregnane X receptor mediates the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 by rifampicin through a distal enhancer module. Mol Pharmacol 56: 1329-1339.

Gradin K, Whitelaw ML, Toftgård R, Poellinger L & Berghard A (1994) A tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway regulates ligand-dependent activation of the dioxin receptor in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 269: 23800-23807.

Graham SE & Peterson JA (1999) How similar are P450s and what can their differences teach us? Arch Biochem Biophys 369: 24-29.

Gram TE (1997) Chemically reactive intermediates and pulmonary xenobiotic toxicity. Pharmacol Rev 49: 297-341.

Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R, Ford S & Spurr NK (1995) A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24. Genomics 28: 328-332.

Greuet J, Pichard L, Bonfils C, Domergue J & Maurel P (1996) The fetal specific gene CYP3A7 is inducible by rifampicin in adult human hepatocytes in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225: 689-694.

Gu J, Su T, Chen Y, Zhang QY & Ding X (2000) Expression of biotransformation enzymes in human fetal olfactory mucosa: potential roles in developmental toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 165: 158-162.

Gu Y-Z, Hogenesch JB & Bradfield CA (2000) The PAS superfamily: sensors of environmental and developmental signals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40: 519-561.

Guengerich FP (1995) Cytochromes P450 of human liver. Classification and activity profiles of the major enzymes. In: Pacifici GM & Fracchia GN (eds) Advances in drug metabolism in man: 179-231. European Commission. Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxenbourg.

Guengerich FP (1999) Cytochrome P-450 3A4: regulation and role in drug metabolism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39: 1-17.

Guengerich FP (2000) Metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 21: 345-351.

Guengerich FP & Shimada T (1991) Oxidation of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 4: 391-407.

Guidice J-ML, Marez D, Sabbagh N, Legrand-Andreoletti M, Spire C, Alcaide E, Lafitte J-J & Broly F (1997) Evidence for CYP2D6 expression in human lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241: 79-85.

Haehner BD, Gorski JC, VandenBranden M, Wrighton SA, Janardan SK, Watkins PB & Hall SD (1996) Bimodal distribution of renal cytochrome P450 3A activity in humans. Mol Pharmacol 50: 52-59.

Hakkola J, Pasanen M, Hukkanen J, Pelkonen O, Mäenpää J, Edwards RJ, Boobis AR & Raunio H (1996) Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 forms in human full-term placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 403-411.

Hakkola J, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O, Hukkanen J, Evisalmi S, Anttila S, Rane A, Mäntylä M, Purkunen R, Saarikoski S, Tooming M & Raunio H (1997) Expression of CYP1B1 in human adult and fetal tissues and differential inducibility of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 by Ah receptor ligands in human placenta and cultured cells. Carcinogenesis 18: 391-397.

Hakkola J, Pasanen M, Purkunen R, Saarikoski S, Pelkonen O, Mäenpää J, Rane A & Raunio H (1994) Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 forms in human adult and fetal liver. Biochem Pharmacol 48: 59-64.

Hall PdlM, Stupans I, Burgess W, Birkett DJ & McManus ME (1989) Immunohistochemical localization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in human tissues. Carcinogenesis 10: 521-530.

Hammons GJ, Milton D, Stepps K, Guengerich FP, Tukey RH & Kadlubar FF (1997) Metabolism of carcinogenic heterocyclic and aromatic amines by recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Carcinogenesis 18: 851-854.

Hankinson O (1994) The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein in aryl hydrocarbon receptor action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 5: 240-244.

Harvey JL, Paine AJ, Maurel P & Wright MC (2000) Effect of the adrenal 11-β -hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone on human hepatic cytochrome P-450 expression: induction of cytochrome P-450 3A4. Drug Metab Dispos 28: 96-101.

Hashimoto H, Toide K, Kitamura R, Fujita M, Tagawa S, Itoh S & Kamataki T (1993) Gene structure of CYP3A4, an adult-specific form of cytochrome P450 in human livers, and its transcriptional control. Eur J Biochem 218: 585-595.

Hayashi S, Watanabe J, Nakachi K, Eguchi H, Gotoh O & Kawajiri K (1994) Interindividual difference in expression of human Ah receptor and related P450 genes. Carcinogenesis 15: 801-806.

Hecht SS (1998) Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem Res Toxicol 11: 559-603.

Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 1194-1210.

Hecht SS, Hochalter JB, Villalta PW & Murphy SE (2000) 2"-hydroxylation of nicotine by cytochrome P450 2A6 and human liver microsomes: formation of a lung carcinogen precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 12493-12497.

Hoet PH, Demedts M & Nemery B (1997) In vitro modulation of the P450 activities of hamster and human lung slices. Cell Biol Toxicol 13: 185-192.

Hoffman EC, Reyes H, Chu F-F, Sander F, Conley LH, Brooks BA & Hankinson O (1991) Cloning of a factor required for activity of the Ah (Dioxin) receptor. Science 252: 954-958.

Hoffman SMG, Fernandez-Salguero P, Gonzalez FJ & Mohrenweiser HW (1995) Organization and evolution of the cytochrome P450 CYP2A-2B-2F subfamily gene cluster on human chromosome 19. J Molec Evolut 41: 894-900.

Hong J-Y, Wang YY, Bondoc FY, Lee M, Yang C-S, Hu WY & Pan J (1999) Metabolism of methyl tert-butyl ether and other gasoline ethers by human liver microsomes and heterologously expressed human cytochromes P450: identification of CYP2A6 as a major catalyst. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160: 43-48.

Honkakoski P, Moore R, Washburn KA & Negishi M (1998b) Activation by diverse xenochemicals of the 51-base pair phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module in the CYP2B10 gene. Mol Pharmacol 53: 597-601.

Honkakoski P & Negishi M (1998) Regulatory DNA elements of phanobarbital-responsive cytochrome P450 CYP2B genes. J Biochem Toxicol 12: 3-9.

Honkakoski P & Negishi M (2000) Regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes by nuclear receptors. Biochem J 347: 321-337.

Honkakoski P, Zelko I, Sueyoshi T & Negishi M (1998a) The nuclear orphan receptor CAR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer activates the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module of the CYP2B gene. Mol Cell Biol 18: 5652-5658.

Hu Y, Oscarson M, Johansson I, Yue Q-Y, Dahl M-L, Tabone M, Arinco S, Albano E & Ingelman-Sundberg M (1997) Genetic polymorphism of human CYP2E1: Characterization of two variant alleles. Mol Pharmacol 51: 370-376.

Huang Z, Fasco MJ, Spivack S & Kaminsky LS (1997) Comparisons of CYP2D messenger RNA splice variant profiles in human lung tumors and normal tissues. Cancer Res 57: 2589-2592.

Ibeanu GC & Goldstein JA (1995) Transcriptional regulation of human CYP2C genes: functional comparison of CYP2C9 and CYP2C18 promoter regions. Biochemistry 34: 8028-8036.

Imaoka S, Asai S, Sugimoto T, Hiroi T & Funae Y (1999) Comparison of human CYP4B1 with that of other species (abstract). 11th International Conference on Cytochrome P450: 148.

Imaoka S, Yamada T, Hiroi T, Hayashi K, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y & Funae Y (1996) Multiple forms of human P450 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, systematic characterization and comparison with those of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 1041-1050.

Imaoka S, Yoneda Y, Sugimoto T, Hiroi T, Yamamoto K, Nakatani T & Funae Y (2000) CYP4B1 is a possible risk factor for bladder cancer in humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277: 776-780.

Ingelman-Sundberg M, Oscarson M & McLellan RA (1999) Polymorphic human cytochrome P450 enzymes: an opportunity for individualized drug treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20: 342-349.

Iscan M, Rostami H, Guray T, Pelkonen O & Rautio A (1994) A study on the interindividual variability of coumarin 7-hydroxylation in a Turkish population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47: 315-318.

Johansson I, Lundqvist E, Bertilsson L, Dahl M-L, Sjöqvist F & Ingelman-Sundberg M (1993) Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11825-11829.

Jonsson G, Astrom A & Andersson P (1995) Budesonide is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes in human liver. Drug Metab Dispos 23: 137-142.

Jounaidi Y, Hyrailles V, Gervot L & Maurel P (1996) Detection of CYP3A5 allelic variant: a candidate for the polymorphic expression of the protein? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221: 466-470.

Kalow W & Tang B-K (1991) Use of caffeine metabolite ratios to explore CYP1A2 and xanthine oxidase activities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 50: 508-519.

Kapitulnik J, Wislocki PG, Levin W, Yagi H, Jerina DM & Conney AH (1978) Tumorigenity studies with diol-epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene which indicate that (+/-)-trans-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene is an ultimate carcinogen in newborn mice. Cancer Res 38: 354-358.

Kawajiri K (1999) CYP1A1. In: Vineis P, Malats N, Lang M, d"Errico A, Caporaso N, Cuzick J & Boffetta P (eds) Metabolic polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: 159-172. IARC Scientific Publications No. 148, Lyon.

Kawamoto T, Sueyoshi T, Zelko I, Moore R, Washburn K & Negishi M (1999) Phenobarbital-responsive nuclear translocation of the receptor CAR in induction of the CYP2B gene. Mol Cell Biol 19: 6318-6322.

Kelly JD, Eaton DL, Guengerich FP & Coulombe RA (1997) Aflatoxin B1 activation in human lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 144: 88-95.

Kikkawa Y (1992) Diverse role of pulmonary cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. Lab Invest 67: 535-539.

Kikuchi H, Hossain A, Yoshida H & Kobayashi S (1998) Induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1 by omeprazole in human HepG2 cells is protein tyrosine kinase-dependent and is not inhibited by α-naphthoflavone. Arch Biochem Biophys 358: 351-358.

Kitada M & Kamataki T (1994) Cytochrome P450 in human fetal liver: significance and fetal specific expression. Drug Metab Rev 26: 305-323.

Kitada M, Kamataki T, Itahashi K, Rikihisa T & Kanakubo Y (1987) Significance of cytochrome P-450 (P-450 HFLa) of human fetal livers in the steroid and drug oxidations. Biochem Pharmacol 36: 453-456.

Kitada M, Kamataki T, Itahashi K, Rikihisa T, Kato R & Kanakubo Y (1985) Purification and properties of cytochrome P-450 from homogenates of human fetal livers. Arch Biochem Biophys 241: 275-280.

Kitada M, Taneda M, Itahashi K & Kamataki T (1991) Four forms of cytochrome P-450 in human fetal livers: purification and their capacity to activate promutagens. Jpn J Cancer Res 82: 426-432.

Kitagawa K, Kunugita N, Katoh T, Yang M & Kawamoto T (1999) The significance of the homozygous CYP2A6 deletion on nicotine metabolism: a new genotyping method of CYP2A6 using a single PCR-RFLP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 262: 146-151.

Kivistö KT, Fritz P, Linder A, Friedel G, Beaune P & Kroemer HK (1995b) Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P450 3A in human pulmonary carcinomas and normal bronchial tissue. Histochemistry 103: 25-29.

Kivistö KT, Griese E-U, Fritz P, Linder A, Hakkola J, Raunio H, Beaune P & Kroemer HK (1996) Expression of cytochrome P4503A enzymes in human lung: a combined RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of normal tissue and lung tumors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg Arch Pharmacol 353: 207-212.

Kivistö KT, Griese E-U, Stuven T, Fritz P, Friedel G, Kroemer HK & Zanger UM (1997) Analysis of CYP2D6 expression in human lung:implications for the association between CYP2D6 activity and susceptibility to lung cancer. Pharmacogenetics 7: 295-302.

Kivistö KT, Linder A, Friedel G, Beaune P, Belloc C, Kroemer HK & Fritz P (1995a) Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P450 2E1 in human pulmonary carcinoma and normal bronchial tissue. Virchows Arch 426: 243-247.

Kliewer SA, Moore JT, Wade L, Staudinger JL, Watson MA, Jones SA, McKee DD, Oliver BB, Willson TM, Zetterström RH, Perlmann T & Lehmann JM (1998) An orphan nuclear receptor activated by pregnanes defines a novel steroid signaling pathway. Cell 92: 73-82.

Kocarek TA, Schuetz EG, Strom SC, Fisher RA & Guzelian PS (1995) Comparative analysis of cytochrome P4503A induction in primary cultures of rat, rabbit, and human hepatocyts. Drug Metab Dispos 23: 415-421.

Kolars JC, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Schuetz JD, Fang C & Watkins PB (1992) Identification of rifampicin-inducible P450IIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. J Clin Invest 90: 1871-1878.

Koskela S, Hakkola J, Hukkanen J, Pelkonen O, Sorri M, Saranen A, Anttila S, Fernandez-Salguero P, Gonzalez FJ & Raunio H (1999) Expression of CYP2A genes in human liver and extrahepatic tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 57: 1407-1413.

Kozak KR, Abbott B & Hankinson O (1997) ARNT-deficient mice and placental differentiation. Dev Biol 191: 297-305.

Kushida H, Fujita K, Suzuki A, Yamada M, Endo T, Nohmi T & Kamataki T (2000) Metabolic activation of N-alkylnitrosamines in genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing CYP2E1 or CYP2A6 together with human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Carcinogenesis 21: 1227-1232.

Lahvis GP & Bradfield CA (1998) Ahr null alleles: distinctive or different? Biochem Pharmacol 56: 781-787.

Landi MT, Sinha R, Lang NP & Kadlubar FF (1999) Human cytochrome P4501A2. In: Vineis P, Malats N, Lang M, d"Errico A, Caporaso N, Cuzick J & Boffetta P (eds) Metabolic polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: 173-195. IARC Scientific Publications No. 148, Lyon.

Lanza DL, Code E, Crespi CL, Gonzalez FJ & Yost GS (1999) Specific dehydrogenation of 3-methylindole and epoxidation of naphthalene by recombinant human CYP2F1 expressed in lymphoblastoid cells. Drug Metab Dispos 27: 798-803.

Law MR (1990) Genetic predisposition to cancer. Br J Cancer 61: 195-206.

Lechevrel M, Casson AG, Wolf CR, Hardie LJ, Flinterman MB, Montesano R & Wild CP (1999) Characterization of cytochrome P450 expression in human oesophageal mucosa. Carcinogenesis 20: 243-248.

Lee SST, Buters JTM, Pineau T, Fernandez-Salguero P & Gonzalez FJ (1996) Role of CYP2E1 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. J Biol Chem 271: 12063-12067.

Lehmann JM, McKee DD, Watson MA, Willson TM, Moore JT & Kliewer SA (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest 102: 1016-1023.

Li DN, Seidel A, Pritchard MP, Wolf CR & Friedberg T (2000) Polymorphisms in P450 CYP1B1 affect the conversion of estradiol to the potentially carcinogenic metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol. Pharmacogenetics 10: 343-353.

Liang H-CL, Li H, McKinnon RA, Duffy JJ, Potter SS, Puga A & Nebert DW (1996) CYP1a2(-/-) null mutant mice develop normally but show deficient drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 1671-1676.

Lieber CS (1997) Cytochrome P-4502E1: Its physiological and pathological role. Physiol Rev 77: 517-544.

Lieber M, Smith B, Szakal A, Nelson-Rees W & Todaro G (1976) A continuous tumor-cell line from a human lung carcinoma with properties of type II alveolar epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 17: 62-70.

Liu SY & Gonzalez FJ (1995) Role of the liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-1 alpha in expression of the CYP2E1 gene. DNA Cell Biol 14: 285-293.

Lund EG, Guileyardo JM & Russell DW (1999) cDNA cloning of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 7238-7243.

Macé K, Aguilar F, Wang JS, Vautravers P, Gomez-Lechon M, Gonzalez FJ, Groopman J, Harris CC & Pfeifer AMA (1997) Aflatoxin B1-induced DNA adduct formation and p53 mutations in CYP450-expressing human liver cell lines. Carcinogenesis 18: 1291-1297.

Macé K, Bowman ED, Vautravers P, Shields PG, Harris CC & Pfeifer AMA (1998) Characterisation of xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme expression in human bronchial mucosa and peripheral lung tissue. Eur J Cancer 34: 914-920.

Maltepe E, Schmidt JV, Baunoch D, Bradfield CA & Simon MC (1997) Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT. Nature 386: 403-407.

McCarver MG, Byun R, Hines RN, Hichme M & Wegenek W (1998) A genetic polymorphism in the regulatory sequences of human CYP2E1: association with increased chloroxazone hydroxylation in the presence of obesity and ethanol intake. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 152: 276-281.

McKinnon RA, Burgess WM, Gonzalez FJ, Gasser R & McManus ME (1994) Species-specific expression of CYP4B1 in rabbit and human gastrointestinal tissues. Pharmacogenetics 4: 260-270.

McLemore TL, Adelberg S, Czerwinski M, Hubbard WC, Yu SJ, Storeng R, Wood TG, Hines RN & Boyd MR (1989) Altered regulation of the cytochrome P4501A1 gene: novel inducer-independent gene expression in pulmonary carcinoma cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 1787-1794.

McLemore TL, Adelberg S, Liu MC, McMahon NA, Yu SJ, Hubbard WC, Czerwinski M, Wood TG, Storeng R, Lubet RA, Eggleston JC, Boyd MR & Hines RN (1990) Expression of CYP1A1 gene in patients with lung cancer: evidence for cigarette smoke-induced gene expression in normal lung tissue and for altered gene regulation in primary pulmonary carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 1333-1339.

Messina ES, Tyndale RF & Sellers EM (1997) A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282: 1608-1614.

Mimura J, Ema M, Sogawa K & Fujii-Kuriyama Y (1999) Identification of a novel mechanism of regulation of Ah (dioxin) receptor function. Genes Dev 13: 20-25.

Mimura J, Yamashita K, Nakamura K, Morita M, Takagi TN, Nakao K, Ema M, Sogawa K, Yasuda M, Katsuki M & Fujii-Kuriyama Y (1997) Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Genes Cells 2: 645-654.

Mimura M, Baba T, Yamazaki H, Ohmori S, Inui Y, Gonzalez FJ, Guengerich FP & Shimada T (1993) Characterization of cytochrome P-450 2B6 in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 21: 1048-1056.

Miners JO & Birkett DJ (1998) Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 45: 525-538.

Miyamoto M, Umetsu Y, Dosaka-Akita H, Sawamura Y, Yokota J, Kunitoh H, Nemoto N, Sato K, Ariyoshi N & Kamataki T (1999) CYP2A6 gene deletion reduces susceptibility to lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261: 658-660.

Mollerup S, Ryberg D, Hewer A, Phillips DH & Haugen A (1999) Sex differences in lung CYP1A1 expression and DNA adduct levels among lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 59: 3317-3320.

Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA, Wisely GB, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Willson TM, Collins JL & Kliewer SA (2000b) St. John"s wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 7500-7502.

Moore LB, Parks DJ, Jones SA, Bledsoe RK, Consler TG, Stimmel JB, Goodwin B, Liddle C, Blanchard SG, Willson TM, Collins JL & Kliewer SA (2000a) Orphan nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor share xenobiotic and steroid ligands. J Biol Chem 275: 15122-15127.

Morel F, Beaune PH, Ratanasavanh D, Flinois J-P, Yang CS, Guengerich FP & Guillouzo A (1990) Expression of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in cultured human hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 191: 437-444.

Mori M, Tezuka F, Chiba R, Funae Y, Watanabe M, Nukiwa T & Takahashi T (1996) Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the human lung. Their heterology in form and analogy in immunohistochemical characteristics. Cancer 77: 665-674.

Muntane-Relat J, Ourlin JC, Domergue J & Maurel P (1995) Differential effects of cytokines on the inducible expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Hepatology 22: 1143-1153.

Murray GI, Barnes TS, Sewell HF, Ewen SWB, Melvin WT & Burke MD (1988) The immunocytochemical localisation and distribution of cytochrome P-450 in normal human hepatic and extrahepatic tissues with a monoclonal antibody to human cytochrome P-450. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25: 465-475.

Murray GI, Pritchard S, Melvin WT & Burke MD (1995) Cytochrome P450 CYP3A5 in the human anterior pituitary gland. FEBS Lett 364: 79-82.

Murray GI, Taylor MC, McFadyen MCE, McKay JA, Greenlee WF, Burke MD & Melvin WT (1997) Tumor-specific expression of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1. Cancer Res 57: 3026-3031.

Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Nunoya K-I, Yokoi T, Nagashima K, Inoue K, Funae Y, Shimada N & Kuroiwa Y (1996) Role of human cytochrome P4502A6 in C-oxidation of nicotine. Drug Metab Dispos 24: 1212-1217.

Nakajima M, Yokoi T, Mizutani M, Kinoshita M, Funayama M & Kamataki T (1999) Genetic polymorphism in the 5"-flanking region of human CYP1A2 gene: effect on the CYP1A2 inducibility in humans. J Biochem (Tokyo) 125: 803-808.

Nakajima T, Elovaara E, Gonzalez FJ, Gelboin HV, Raunio H, Pelkonen O, Vainio H & Aoyama T (1994) Styrene metabolism by cDNA-expressed human hepatic and pulmonary cytochromes P450. Chem Res Toxicol 7: 891-896.

Nebert DW, McKinnon RA & Puga A (1996) Human drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms: effects on risk of toxicity and cancer. DNA Cell Biol 15: 273-280.

Negishi M (2000) Nuclear receptor CAR as a phenobarbital induction signal of CYP2B genes (abstract). 13th International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations: 56.

Nelson DR (1999) Cytochrome P450 and the individuality of species. Arch Biochem Biophys 369: 1-10.

Nelson DR, Koymans L, Kamataki T, Stegeman JJ, Feyereisen R, Waxman DJ, Waterman MR, Gotoh O, Coon MJ, Estabrook RW, Gunsalus IC & Nebert DW (1996) P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature. Pharmacogenetics 6: 1-42.

Ngui JS & Bandiera SM (1999) Induction of hepatic CYP2B is a more sensitive indicator of exposure to Aroclor 1260 than CYP1A in male rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 161: 160-170.

Nhamburo PT, Gonzalez FJ, McBride OW, Gelboin HV & Kimura S (1989) Identification of a new P450 expressed in human lung: complete cDNA sequence, cDNA-directed expression, and chromosome mapping. Biochemistry 28: 8060-8066.

Nhamburo PT, Kimura S, McBride OW, Kozak CA, Gelboin HV & Gonzalez FJ (1990) The human CYP2F gene family: identification of a cDNA encoding a new cytochrome P450, cDNA-directed expression, and chromosome mapping. Biochemistry 29: 5491-5499.

Offord EA, Macé K, Ruffieux C, Malnoë A & Pfeifer AMA (1995) Rosemary components inhibit benzo[a];pyrene-induced genotoxicity in human bronchial cells. Carcinogenesis 16: 2057-2062.

Ohnhaus EE & Bluhm RC (1987) Induction of the monooxygenase enzyme system in human lung. Eur J Clin Invest 17: 488-492.

Omiecinski CJ, Redlich CA & Costa P (1990) Induction and developmental expression of cytochrome P450IA1 messenger RNA in rat and human tissues. Cancer Res 50: 4315-4321.

Omura T (1999) Forty years of Cytochrome P450. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 266: 690-698.

Oscarson M, Gullstén H, Rautio A, Bernal ML, Sinues B, Dahl M-L, Stengård JH, Pelkonen O, Raunio H & Ingelman-Sundberg M (1998) Genotyping of human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), a nicotine C-oxidase. FEBS Lett 438: 201-205.

Pascussi J-M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Pichard-Garcia L, Daujat M, Fabre J-M, Maurel P & Vilarem M-J (2000) Interleukin-6 negatively regulates the expression of pregnane X receptor and constitutively activated receptor in primary human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 707-713.

Pascussi JM, Drocourt L, Fabre J-M, Maurel P & Vilarem M-J (2000) Dexamethasone induces pregnane X receptor and retinoid X receptor-α expression in human hepatocytes: synergistic increase of CYP3A4 induction by pregnane X receptor activators. Mol Pharmacol 58: 361-372.

Pascussi JM, Jounaidi Y, Drocourt L, Domergue J, Balabaud C, Maurel P & Vilarem M-J (1999) Evidence for the presence of a functional pregnane X receptor response element in the CYP3A7 promoter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260: 377-381.

Paulussen A, Lavrijsen K, Bohets H, Hendrickx J, Verhasselt P, Luyten W, Konings F & Armstrong M (2000) Two linked mutations in transcriptional regulatory elements of the CYP3A5 gene constitute the major genetic determinant of polymorphic activity in humans. Pharmacogenetics 10: 415-424.

Pelkonen O, Mäenpää J, Taavitsainen P, Rautio A & Raunio H (1998) Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Xenobiotica 28: 1203-1253.

Pelkonen O & Raunio H (1997) Metabolic activation of toxins: Tissue-specific expression and metabolism in target organs. Environ Health Perspect 105: 767-774.

Perrot N, Nalpas B, Yang CS & Beaune PH (1989) Modulation of cytochrome P450 isozymes in human liver, by ethanol and drug intake. Eur J Clin Invest 19: 549-555.

Petruzzelli S, Camus A-M, Carrozzi L, Ghelarducci L, Rindi M, Menconi G, Angeletti CA, Ahotupa M, Hietanen E, Aitio A, Saracci R, Bartsch H & Giuntini C (1988) Long-lasting effects of tobacco smoking on pulmonary drug-metabolizing enzymes: a case-control study on lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 48: 4695-4700.

Pianezza ML, Sellers EM & Tyndale RF (1998) Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature 393: 750-750.

Pichard-Garcia L, Pascussi J-M & Maurel P (2000) Carotenoids activate PXR and are inducers of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes in primary culture (abstract). 13th International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations: 195.

Pichard L, Fabre I, Daujat M, Domergue J, Joyeux H & Maurel P (1992) Effect of corticosteroids on the expression of cytochromes P450 and on cyclosporin A oxidase activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 41: 1047-1055.

Piipari R, Savela K, Nurminen T, Hukkanen J, Raunio H, Hakkola J, Mäntylä T, Beaune P, Edwards RJ, Boobis AR & Anttila S (2000) Expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP3A, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct formation in bronchoalveolar macrophages of smokers and non-smokers. Int J Cancer 86: 610-616.

Pineau T, Fernandez-Salguero P, Lee SST, McPhail T, Ward JM & Gonzalez FJ (1995) Neonatal lethality associated with respiratory distress in mice lacking cytochrome P450 IA2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 5134-5138.

Quattrochi LC, Vu T & Tukey RH (1994) The human CYP1A2 gene and induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, a region of DNA that supports Ah-receptor binding and promoter-specific induction. J Biol Chem 269: 6949-6954.

Raunio H, Hakkola J, Hukkanen J, Lassila A, Päivärinta K, Pelkonen O, Anttila S, Piipari R, Boobis AR & Edwards RJ (1999a) Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs in human pulmonary tissue. Exp Toxic Pathol 51: 412-417.

Raunio H, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Anttila S, Hietanen E, Hirvonen A & Pelkonen O (1995b) Diagnosis of polymorphisms in carcinogen-activating and inactivating enzymes and cancer susceptibility-review. Gene 159: 113-121.

Raunio H, Pasanen M, Mäenpää J, Hakkola J & Pelkonen O (1995a) Expression of extrahepatic cytochrome P450 in humans. In: Pacifici GM & Fracchia GN (eds) Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man: 234-287. European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Raunio H, Rautio A & Pelkonen O (1999b) The CYP2A subfamily: function, expression and genetic polymorphism. In: Vineis P, Malats N, Lang M, d"Errico A, Caporaso N, Cuzick J & Boffetta P (eds) Metabolic polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: 197-207. IARC Scientific Publications No. 148, Lyon.

Rautio A, Kraul H, Kojo A, Salmela E & Pelkonen O (1992) Interindividual variability of coumarin 7-hydroxylation in healthy individuals. Pharmacogenetics 2: 227-233.

Rebbeck TR, Jaffe JM, Walker AH, Wein AJ & Malkowicz SB (1998) Modification of clinical presentation of prostate tumors by a novel genetic variant in CYP3A4. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 1225-1229.

Richardson TH, Griffin KJ, Jung F, Raucy JL & Johnson EF (1997) Targeted antipeptide antibodies to cytochrome P450 2C18 based on epitope mapping of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to P450 2C5. Arch Biochem Biophys 338: 157-164.

Roberts-Thomson SJ, McManus ME, Tukey RH, Gonzalez FJ & Holder GM (1993) The catalytic activity of four expressed human cytochromes P450s towards benzo(a)pyrene and the isomers of its proximate carcinogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 3: 1373-1379.

Roberts EA, Golas CL & Okey AB (1986) Ah receptor mediating induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase: detection in human lung by binding of 2,3,7,8-[3H];tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cancer Res 46: 3739-3743.

Rodríguez-Antona C, Jover R, Gómez-Lechón MJ & Castell JV (2000) Quantitative RT-PCR measurement of human cytochrome P-450s: application to drug induction studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 376: 109-116.

Ronis MJJ, Lindros KO & Ingelman-Sundberg M (1996) The CYP2E subfamily. In: Ioannides C & Parke DV (eds) Cytochromes P450: Metabolic and Toxicological Aspects: 211-239. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Rostami-Hodjegan A, Lennard MS, Woods HF & Tucker GT (1998) Meta-analysis of studies of the CYP2D6 polymorphism in relation to lung cancer and Parkinson"s disease. Pharmacogenetics 8: 227-238.

Roth RA & Vinegar A (1990) Action by the lungs on circulating xenobiotic agents, with a case study of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzo(a)pyrene disposition. Pharmacol Ther 48: 143-155.

Runge D, Köhler C, Kostrubsky VE, Jäger D, Lehmann T, Runge DM, May U, Beer Stolz D, Strom SC, Fleig WE & Michalopoulos GK (2000) Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 but not of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, multidrug resistance (MDR-1) and multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP-1) by prototypical inducers in human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273: 333-341.

Saarikoski ST, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Hirvonen A, Vainio H, Gonzalez FJ & Anttila S (1998) Localization of CYP1A1 mRNA in human lung by in situ hybridization: comparison with immunohistochemical findings. Int J Cancer 77: 33-39.

Saarikoski ST, Sata F, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Impivaara O, Järvisalo J, Vainio H & Hirvonen A (2000) CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer genotype as a potential modifier of smoking behaviour. Pharmacogenetics 10: 5-10.

Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S & Roots I (1999) Functional significance of a C––>A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 47: 445-449.

Sata F, Sapone A, Elizondo G, Stocker P, Miller VP, Zheng W, Raunio H, Crespi CL & Gonzalez FJ (2000) CYP3A4 allelic variants with amino acid substitutions in exons 7 and 12: evidence for an allelic variant with altered catalytic activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67: 48-56.

Savas Ü, Griffin KJ & Johnson EF (1999) Molecular mechanisms of cytochrome P-450 induction by xenobiotics: an expanded role for nuclear hormone receptors. Mol Pharmacol 56: 851-857.

Savas Ü & Jefcoate CR (1994) Dual regulation of cytochrome P450EF expression via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and protein stabilization in C3H/10T1/2 cells. Mol Pharmacol 45: 1153-1159.

Schmidt JV & Bradfield CA (1996) Ah receptor signalling pathways. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12: 55-89.

Schmidt JV, Su GHT, Reddy JK, Simon MC & Bradfield CA (1996) Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: animal model for the toxicity of halogenated dioxins and biphenyls. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 6731-6736.

Schuetz EG, Beck WT & Schuetz JD (1996) Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 49: 311-318.

Schuetz EG, Schuetz JD, Grogan WM, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Fejes-Toth G, Raucy J, Guzelian P, Gionela K & Watlington CO (1992) Expression of cytochrome P450 3A in amphibian, rat, and human kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 294: 206-214.

Schuetz EG, Schuetz JD, Strom SC, Thompson MT, Fisher RA, Molowa DT, Li D & Guzelian PS (1993) Regulation of human liver cytochromes P-450 in family 3A in primary and continuous culture of human hepatocytes. Hepatology 18: 1254-1262.

Schuetz JD, Beach DL & Guzelian PS (1994) Selective expression of cytochrome P450 CYP3A mRNAs in embryonic and adult human liver. Pharmacogenetics 4: 11-20.

Schuetz JD, Schuetz EG, Thottassery JV, Guzelian PS, Strom S & Sun D (1996) Identification of a novel dexamethasone responsive enhancer in the human CYP3A5 gene and its activation in human and rat liver cells. Mol Pharmacol 49: 63-72.

Shimada T, Hayes CL, Yamazaki H, Amin S, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP & Sutter TR (1996a) Activation of chemically diverse procarcinogens by human cytochrome P-450 1B1. Cancer Res 56: 2979-2984.

Shimada T, Martin MV, Pruess-Schwartz D, Marnett LJ & Guengerich FP (1989) Roles of individual human cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the bioactivation of benzo(a)pyrere, 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene, and other dihydrodiol derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res 49: 6304-6312.

Shimada T, Watanabe J, Kawajiri K, Sutter TR, Guengerich FP, Gillam EMJ & Inoue K (1999) Catalytic properties of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 1B1 variants. Carcinogenesis 20: 1607-1613.

Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, Inui Y & Guengerich FP (1994) Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270: 414-423.

Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, Wakamiya N, Ueng Y-F, Guengerich FP & Inui Y (1996b) Characterization of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of xenobiotic chemicals in human fetal livers and adult lungs. Drug Metab Dispos 24: 515-522.

Shimada T, Yun C-H, Yamazaki H, Gautier J-C, Beaune PH & Guengerich FP (1992) Characterization of human lung microsomal cytochrome P-4501A1 and its role in the oxidation of chemical carcinogens. Mol Pharmacol 41: 856-864.

Shou M, Korzekwa KR, Crespi CL, Gonzalez FJ & Gelboin HV (1994) The role of 12 cDNA-expressed human, rodent and rabbit cytochromes P450 in the metabolism of benzo[a];pyrene and benzo[a];pyrene trans-7,8-diol. Mol Carcinog 10: 159-168.

Song B-J (1995) Gene structure and multiple regulations of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) subfamily. In: Watson RR (ed) Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews, Vol. 6: Alcohol and Hormones: 177-192. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

Song B-J, Veech RL & Saenger P (1990) Cytochrome P450IIE1 is elevated in lymphocytes from poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetics. Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 1036-1040.

Sotaniemi EA, Rautio A, Bäckström M, Arvela P & Pelkonen O (1995) CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 activities marked by the metabolism of lignocaine and coumarin in patients with liver and kidney diseases and epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39: 71-76.

Stanley LA, Carmichael J & Wolf CR (1992) Cytochrome P-450 induction in human lung tumor-derived cell lines: Characterisation and effects of inflammatory mediators. Eur J Biochem 208: 521-529.

Stoilov I, Akarsu AN, Alozie I, Child A, Barsoum-Homsy M, Turacli ME, Or M, Lewis RA, Ozdemir N, Brice G, Aktan SG, Chevrette L, Coca-Prados M & Sarfarazi M (1998) Sequence analysis and homology modeling suggest that primary congenital glaucoma on 2p21 results from mutations disrupting either the hinge region or the conserved core structures of cytochrome P4501B1. Am J Hum Genet 62: 573-584.

Stoilov I, Akarsu AN & Sarfarazi M (1997) Identification of three different truncating mutations in cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) as the principal cause of primary congenital glaucoma (Buphthalmos) in families linked to the GLC3A locus on chromosome 2p21. Hum Mol Genet 6: 641-647.

Su T, Bao Z, Zhang QY, Smith TJ, Hong J-Y & Ding X (2000) Human cytochrome P450 CYP2A13: predominant expression in the respiratory tract and its high efficiency metabolic activation of a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Res 60: 5074-5079.

Su T, Sheng JJ, Lipinskas TW & Ding X (1996) Expression of CYP2A genes in rodent and human nasal mucosa. Drug Metab Dispos 24: 884-890.

Sueyoshi T, Kawamoto T, Zelko I, Honkakoski P & Negishi M (1999) The repressed nuclear receptor CAR responds to phenobarbital in activating the human CYP2B6 gene. J Biol Chem 274: 6043-6046.

Sutter TR, Tang YM, Hayes CL, Wo Y-YP, Jabs EW, Li X, Yin H, Cody CW & Greenlee WF (1994) Complete cDNA sequence of a human dioxin-inducible mRNA identifies a new gene subfamily of a cytochrome that maps to chromosome 2. J Biol Chem 269: 13092-13099.

Tang YM, Chen G-F, Thompson PA, Lin D-X, Lang NP & Kadlubar FF (1999) Development of an antipeptide antibody that binds to the C-terminal region of human CYP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos 27: 274-280.

Tang YM, Wo Y-YP, Stewart J, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Sutter TR & Greenlee WF (1996) Isolation and characterization of the human cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 gene. J Biol Chem 271: 28324-28330.

Thum T & Borlak J (2000) Gene expression in distinct regions of the heart. Lancet 355: 979-983.

Thummel KE & Wilkinson GR (1998) In vitro and in vivo drug interactions involving human CYP3A. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38: 389-430.

Tilloy-Ellul A, Raffalli-Mathieu F & Lang M (1999) Analysis of RNA-protein interactions of mouse liver cytochrome P4502A5 mRNA. Biochem J 339: 695-703.

Toussaint C, Albin N, Massaad L, Grunenwald D, Parise O, Jr., Morizet J, Gouyette A & Chabot GG (1993) Main drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme systems in human non-small cell lung cancer and peritumoral tissues. Cancer Res 53: 4608-4612.

Treluyer J-M, Gueret G, Cheron G, Sonnier M & Cresteil T (1997) Developmental expression of CYP2C and CYP2C-dependent activities in the human liver: in-vivo/in-vitro correlation and inducibility. Pharmacogenetics 7: 441-452.

Tzameli I, Pissios P, Schuetz EG & Moore DD (2000) The xenobiotic compound 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)];benzene is an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor CAR. Mol Cell Biol 20: 2951-2958.

Ueng T-H, Hu S-H, Chen R-M, Wang H-W & Kuo M-L (2000) Induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1 in human hepatoma HepG2 and lung carcinoma NCI-H322 cells by motorcycle exhaust particulate. J Toxicol Environ Health 60: 101-119.

Urani C, Doldi M, Crippa S & Camatini M (1998) Human-derived cell lines to study xenobiotic metabolism. Chemosphere 37: 2785-2795.

Vogel C, Döhr O & Abel J (1994) Transforming growth factor-β 1 inhibits TCDD-induced cytochrome P450IA1 expression in human lung cancer A549 cells. Arch Toxicol 68: 303-307.

Waxman DJ (1999) P450 gene induction by structurally diverse xenochemicals: central role of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPAR. Arch Biochem Biophys 369: 11-23.

Waxman DJ, Lapenson DP, Aoyama T, Gelboin HV, Gonzalez FJ & Korzekwa K (1991) Steroid hormone hydroxylase specificities of eleven cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s. Arch Biochem Biophys 290: 160-166.

Wei P, Zhang J, Egan-Hafley M, Liang S & Moore DD (2000) The nuclear receptor CAR mediates specific xenobiotic induction of drug metabolism. Nature 407: 920-923.

Westlind A, Löfberg L, Tindberg N, Andersson TB & Ingelman-Sundberg M (1999) Interindividual differences in hepatic expression of CYP3A4: relationship to genetic polymorphism in the 5"-upstream regulatory region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259: 201-205.

Westlind A, Oscarson M, Andersson TB & Ingelman-Sundberg M (2000) Identification of a novel human cytochrome P450 of the CYP3A subfamily (abstract). 13th International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations: 198.

Wheeler CW & Guenthner TM (1990) Spectroscopic quantitation of cytochrome P-450 in human lung microsomes. J Biochem Toxicol 5: 269-272.

Wheeler CW & Guenthner TM (1991) Cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of xenobiotics in human lung. J Biochem Toxicol 6: 163-169.

Wheeler CW, Park S-S & Guenthner TM (1990) Immunochemical analysis of a cytochrome P-450IA1 homologue in human lung microsomes. Mol Pharmacol 38: 643

Wheeler CW, Wrighton SA & Guenthner TM (1992) Detection of human lung cytochrome P450 that are immunochemically related to cytochrome P450IIE1 and cytochrome P450IIIA. Biochem Pharmacol 44: 911-917.

White JA, Beckett-Jones B, Guo YD, Dilworth FJ, Bonasoro J, Jones G & Petkovich M (1997) cDNA cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) identifies a novel family of cytochromes P450. J Biol Chem 272: 18538-18541.

Whitlock JPJ (1999) Induction of cytochrome P4501A1. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39: 103-125.

Willey JC, Coy E, Brolly C, Utell MJ, Frampton MW, Hammersley J, Thilly WG, Olson D & Cairns K (1996) Xenobiotic metabolism gene expression in human bronchial epithelial and alveolar macrophage cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 14: 262-271.

Willey JC, Coy EL, Frampton MW, Torres A, Apostolakos MJ, Hoehn G, Schuermann WH, Thilly WG, Olson DE, Hammersley JR, Crespi CL & Utell MJ (1997) Quantitative RT-PCR measurement of cytochromes p450 1A1, 1B1, and 2B7, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and NADPH oxidoreductase expression in lung cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 17: 114-124.

Wrighton SA, Brian WR, Sari MA, Iwasaki M, Guengerich FP, Raucy JL, Molowa DT & VandenBranden M (1990) Studies on the expression and metabolic capabilities of human liver cytochrome P450IIIA5 (HLp3). Mol Pharmacol 38: 207-213.

Wrighton SA, Ring BJ, Watkins PB & VandenBranden M (1989) Identification of a polymorphically expressed member of the human cytochrome P-450III family. Mol Pharmacol 86: 97-105.

Wu S, Moomaw CR, Tomer KB, Falck JR & Zeldin DC (1996) Molecular cloning and expression of CYP2J2, a human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase highly expressed in heart. J Biol Chem 271: 3460-3468.

Xie W, Barwick JL, Downes M, Blumberg B, Simon CM, Nelson MC, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Guzelian PS & Evans RM (2000) Humanized xenobiotic response in mice expressing nuclear receptor SXR. Nature 406: 435-439.

Xu L, Li AP, Kaminski DL & Ruh MF (2000) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of cytochrome P4501A in cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 124: 173-189.

Yamano S, Tatsuno J & Gonzalez FJ (1990) The CYP2A3 gene product catalyzes coumarin 7-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Biochemistry 29: 1322-1329.

Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Hashimoto M & Shimada T (1999) Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol 73: 65-70.

Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Mimura M, Oda Y, Guengerich FP & Shimada T (1996) 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation catalyzed by cytochromes P450 1A2 and 2E1 in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 313-319.

Yamazaki H, Inui Y, Wrighton SA, Guengerich FP & Shimada T (1995) Procarcinogen activation by cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 expressed in Escherichia coli and by human liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis 16: 2167-2170.

Yamazaki H, Inui Y, Yun C-H, Guengerich FP & Shimada T (1992) Cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2A6 enzymes as major catalysts for metabolic activation of N-nitrosodialkylamines and tobacco-related nitrosamines in human liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis 13: 1789-1794.

Yokose T, Doy M, Taniguchi T, Shimada T, Kakiki M, Horie T, Matsuzaki Y & Mukai K (1999) Immunohistochemical study of cytochrome P450 2C and 3A in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues. Virchows Arch 434: 401-411.

Yokotani N, Sogawa K, Matsubara S, Gotoh O, Kusunose E, Kusunose M & Fujii-Kuriyama Y (1990) cDNA cloning of cytochrome P-450 related to P-450p-2 from the cDNA library of human placenta: gene structure and expression. Eur J Biochem 187: 23-29.

Yun C-H, Shimada T & Guengerich FP (1991) Purification and characterization of human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 2A6. Mol Pharmacol 40: 679-685.

Zeldin DC, Foley J, Boyle JE, Moomaw CR, Tomer KB, Parker C, Steenbergen C & Wu S (1997b) Predominant expression of an arachidonate epoxynase in islets of Langerhans cells in human and rat pancreas. Endocrinology 138: 1338-1346.

Zeldin DC, Foley J, Goldsworthy SM, Cook ME, Boyle JE, Ma J, Moomaw CR, Tomer KB, Steenbergen C & Wu S (1997a) CYP2J subfamily cytochrome P450s in the gastrointestinal tract: expression, localization, and potential functional significance. Mol Pharmacol 51: 931-943.

Zeldin DC, Foley J, Ma J, Boyle JE, Pascual JM, Moomaw CR, Tomer KB, Steenbergen C & Wu S (1996) CYP2J subfamily P450s in the lung: expression, localization, and potential functional significance. Mol Pharmacol 50: 1111-1117.

Zeldin DC, Plitman JD, Kobayashi J, Miller RF, Snapper JR, Falck JR, Szarek JL, Philpot RM & Capdevila JH (1995) The rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid metabolic pathway: characterization and significance. J Clin Invest 95: 2150-2160.

Zevin S & Benowitz NL (1999) Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 36: 425-438.

Zheng Y-M, Fisher MB, Yokotani N, Fujii-Kuriyama Y & Rettie AE (1998) Identification of a meander region proline residue critical for heme binding to cytochrome P450: implications for the catalytic function of human CYP4B1. Biochemistry 37: 12847-12851.

Zhu W, Song L, Zhang H, Matoney L, LeCluyse E & Yan B (2000) Dexamethasone differentially regulates expression of carboxylesterase genes in humans and rats. Drug Metab Dispos 28: 186-191.

Zilly W, Breimer DD & Richter E (1977) Stimulation of drug metabolism by rifampicin in patients with cirrhosis or cholestasis measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 11: 287-293.